SDS second year

• What famous theory did Icek Ajzen make?


  Theory of planned behaviour
• Gibson (2014) examined experimental transcripts in the Milgram archives, trying to find out how participants used references to knowledge to resist the experimenter’s instructions to deliver electric shocks to another person. His analysis is an example of...


  Discourse Analysis
• Discourse analysis is the study of how people use language to communicate and make sense of the world and pay attention to the context + purpose behind words.
• What are the three key factors in Rusbult's investment model?

  1. satisfaction - how rewarding the relationship feels
  2. alternatives - availability of better options outside the relationship
  3. investment - resources put into relationship (e.g., time, energy, money).
• What does 'high satisfaction' mean in Rusbult's model?

  The relationship is rewarding - emotional closeness, happiness + positive experiences
• 'low altertnatives' in Rusbult's model?


  few better options outside the relationship.
• 'high investment' in relationship?

  resources - time, money, shared exp. emotions- would be lost if the relationship ended.
• Ingroup bias is an idea from which theoretical tradition?

  Social identity
• Cognitive dissonance - mismatch between what someone believes or values and what they do, e.g., charitable person walking past a homeless guy begging for money.
• Sherif' autokinetic effect study found individuals conformed to the group norm when asked to estimate the movement of a stationary light in a dark room.
• Weiner's attribution theory explains how people attribute causes to success or failures based on three dimensions

  1. Locus of control - internal is person is responsible, external is opposite
  2. stability - cause of outcome. Stable - unlikely to change over time, unstable - various things can change outcome.
  3. controllability - is when the cause can be changed/controlled or not. control - put in effort. uncontrollable - out of hands
• According to Heider's concept of "naive scientists," how do individuals typically approach attributions when trying to explain the behavior of others?


  They analyse behaviours to determine whether it comes from internal or external locus of control.
• Why do critiques based on the social identity approach (e.g. Drury et al., 2009) challenge “deindividuation” accounts of crowd behaviour?


  People in crowds often act in more sensible and organised ways than the deindividuation explanation would suggest.
• Rudolph et al. (2004) connect attribution theory to pro-social and anti-social behaviour by pointing out that helping depends on whether the potentional helper interprets the situation as controllable and holds the victim responsible - if the situation is their own doing or out of their hands.
• Which major social-psychological theory is central to the “social cure”(Haslam et al., 2018

  Social identity
• Bamberg et al.’s (2003) study applied the theory of planned behaviourto which topic?

  Transport choices
• Katzev + Pardini (1987):

  • Instrinsic motivation tended to be more sustained and long term engagement because the activity itself was personally rewarding or aligned with values
  • Extrinsic motivation - when rewards were provided, it was short term compliance but not lead to long lasting unless the rewards were aligned with person's values or if they eventually felt some internal satisfaction
• Cialdini and colleagues (e.g. Cialdini et al., 1990, 1991; Reno et al.,1993) established their norm focus theory with a substantial series of field experiments on which environmental behaviour?


  Littering
• Four types of motivation:

  1. intrinsic - internal rewards like sense of accomplishment, their values and joy of learning
  2. extrinsic - doing it to get award or avoid punishment like reading to get a good grade
  3. competitive - desire to outperform others or gaining status
  4. co-operative - people are motivated by collaboration + mutual support like a group project
• Process of social identity involves how individuals define themselves in relation to social groups they belong to - Social Identity Theory (Tajfel + Turner 1979).

  1. Categorisation - people into groups on shared characteristics
  2. comparison - once in groups, they compare in-group to relevant out-groups, leads to judgment. Ex. their university (in-group) to a rival university (out-group), might feel pride if their university better.
  3. group identification - internalise group's identity as part of their own self-concept, adopt their values, ex. identifying as a politcal party + values.
• what do symbolic racism (Sears, 1988) and modern racism(McConahay, 1983) have in common?


  They both propose that anti-black affect + traditional values combine to predict anti-egalitarian policy preferences
• Berry’s (1997) acculturation framework includes which dimensions ofacculturation attitudes?


  Desire for culture maintenance and desire for intergrop contact
• Needs based model - suggests people are motivated by fulfilling different types of needs, can be emotional, social, or psychological + drive behavior and decision making.

  1. basic need - basic desire like food and shelter
  2. higher need - social connection and self growth
  3. motivation - Behavior is from the desire to meet these needs. If it's not met, there's tension or discomfort that motivates people to act in ways that fulfill the unmet need.
• Which theory in intergroup relations is about socio-emotional reconciliation between groups in conflict?


  Needs-based model
• Social facilitation (e.g. Zajonc, 1965) has what effect on performance?


  Can either enhance or impaire performance
• According to the nativist perspective, deliberate training by parents is unnecessary for language development.
• Proto-conversations are early forms of communication that often occure between infants + caregivers before actual language, they're example of dyadic interactions.
• Dyadic interactions refers to a two-way interaction between two people, involving exchange response, proto-conversation is an example cause they have a back + forth even if it isn't verbal.
• A study of a group of four year old children with autism and a control group of four year old children. Each are given a false belief task and a false photograph task. One group does well on the false photograph task but poorly on the false belief task. Which group is this?

  Group with austim
• What evidence supports the “socialization” theory of gender development?


  Baby x studies
• Baby X study was a baby labelled 'baby x' dressed in gender neutral clothing + sex kept ambiguous, infant then observed in various social settings with adults and strangers

  • found people would treat infant the gender they assumed the baby was, e.g. if girl they used nurturing words, if boy they used assertive words.
  • reinforced gender stereotypes.
• socialization in the theory of gender development refers to the process by which individuals learn and internalize the cultural norms, behaviors, and expectations associated with their assigned gender within a particular society
• According to some research, higher levels of testosterone is linked to higher levels of mental rotation ability (can imagine what an object looks like if turned around or in different perspective)
• What is the relationship between physical development, movement and children's learning?


  helps to learn and explore and make sense of the world
• How can you develop physical curiosity?

  Questioning
• Jean Piaget morality stage of how children's understanding of morality evolves as they grow + gain more cognitve maturity:

  1. heternomous (4-7) - rule based where kids see rules as fixed and unchangeable, judge actions based on consquence
  2. autonomous (10+) - morality is flexible + relative, rules as social agreements that can be changed.
• What is theory of planned behaviour?

  
  

  Theory predicting behavior based on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control with three key factors:

  • positive/negative thought about behaviour, e.g. excercise = healthy
  • subjective norm - social pressure + individual's beliefs
  • evaluating how easy or hard it is to perform it
• Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner 1979):

  • people derive from a sense of self from social groups they belong to such as family, nationality, work teams etc.
  • Theory explains group loyalty, intergroup conflict + prejudice.

  Self Categorization theory (Turner et al 1987):

  • extends of SIT by focusing on HOW and WHY people adopt certain group based identities in different contexts
• Black sheep effect in prejudice - how members of an in-group may judge one of its members for not conforming + judge more harshly than an out-group because the non-conforming in-group member could refelct the in-group's social identity.
• Depersonalization - individuals don't see themselves as individuals but a group, e.g. just a student.

  • Not about losing identity completely but rather focusing on group identity over personal traits, often happens in important situations like competition or conflict