an introduction to mental health problems:

• what is psychotherapy?


  healing the mind/soul
• what is the difference between counselling & psychotherapy?

  counselling

  - short term

  - shallower experience

  - has a focus on intermediate problems

  
  

  psychotherapy

  - long term

  - 'deeper level of experience'

  4-5 year PG course
• what is mental health?

  "a state of well-being in which every individual realises his/her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community" (World Health Organisation, 2014)
• How is mental health defined in the way it affects how you think,feel/behave?

  '' a syndrome characterized by clincaly significant disturbance in an individuals' congition, emotion regulation or behaviour (DSM-5)
• what is the number estimated of ppl affected by mental health worldwide?

  792 million - 10.7% of the global population (GBD,2017)
• Who said there's no biological test for diagnosing any mental disorder?

  Hyman 2010
• what are the 2 systems used to analyse & classify reported & observed behaviour

  1) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-5)

  - US

  
  

  2) International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems {ICD-10}
• What are the 4 heuristics to define "normal + abnormal/clinical"?

  1) deviance

  - deviance from the norm, is this less statistically common?

  2) dysfunction

  - Does the issue interfere in the individuals life in some major way?

  3) distress

  - How much distress does this cause the individual?

  4) danger

  - Does this constitute a danger to the self, or to others?
• What is prevalence?


  the proportion of the population who have/had a specific disorder at/in a given time
• what are the different types of prevalence? and give definitions !

  point - at a specific point in time

  
  

  period - at any point in a given time period

  
  

  lifetime - at some point in life up to the time of assesment
• what is incidence?


  the number of new cases of a disorder arising over a given period
• What depression actually is vs what people think it is (estimated 4-10& in lifetime - McManus et al 2009)

  think:feeling a bit sad about a specific event, but the feeling will eventually go away.

  
  

  actually is: persistent low mood, loss of interest in activities, irritability, tearfulness, reduced ability to think, disrupted sleep, changes to appetite.
• What anxiety actually is vs what people think it is

  think: occasional worries which may be scary, but can easily be controlled and will go away on their own.

  
  

  actually is: excessive worrying, persist beyond an appropriate period, can cause impairments and distress.
• what are the 3 subtypes of anxiety that are separated into its triggers?

  1) GAD - excessive/ongoing worry about multiple events, difficulty controlling worry

  
  

  2) social anxiety disorder - persistent fear/anxiety about social situations, fear of negative evaluation/rejection

  
  

  3) phobias - persistent fear of a specific object/situation
• what are the 2 parts of OCD

  obsessions - recurrent distressing thoughts

  
  

  compulsions - repetitive behaviours aimed to minimise distress
• What did Rachman & De Silva 1978 say about intrusive thoughts?

  Intrusive thoughts are common in the general population, where the content is very similar to obsessions
• what is depression?


  persistent low mood with no clear underlying cause
• what are the 2 classifications of bipolar?

  BD1: alternating mania + depression

  
  

  BD2: depressive episodes & hypomania
• difference between positive and negative symptoms of schziophrenia


  pos - things start to happen

  negative - things that stop to happen
• what are eating disorders?

  Persistent disturbance of eating/eating-related behaviours resulting in altered consumption/absorption of food.
• How many people could eating disorders affect up to in the UK?

  1.6 million
• what are the key characteristics of anorexia nervosa?

  1) Refusal to maintain minimum 'normal' body weight, intense fear of gaining weight

  
  

  2) Disordered body perception

  Amenorrhea (when menstrual periods stop), low blood pressure, dry skin, cracked nails, heart failure.

  
  

  3) Lack insight, the person denies that the behaviour is problematic.
• what are the key characteristics of bulimia nervosa?

  1) Recurrent binge eating & recurrent inappropariate comepsantory behaviour

  2) Disordered body perception

  3) Dental problems, intenstinal disorders, kidney damage.

  4) Insight, considers behaviour problematic.
• Around How many have personality disorders in the UK?

  1 in 20 ppl in the UK
• What are the 3 clusters of different types of personality disorders?

  A, B + C
• Around how many adults in England reported having experienced a traumatic event?

  1/3 of adults
• What does PTSD involve?

  having experienced, witnessed/been confronted with an event/events involving actual/threatened death or serious injurity/or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others.
• Around how many reported PTSD in the adult psychiatric morbidity survey?.

  Around 1 in 20 reported PTSD in the adult psychiatric morbidity survey.
• What are common symptoms of PTSD?

  - flashbacks

  - intrusive thoughts

  - nightmares

  - anxiety symptoms (hypervigilance, physical symptoms)