Treating MH problems:

• What are the three historical perspectives on mental health problems mentioned?

  The three perspectives are supernatural, somatogenic, and psychogenic.
• What does the term "supernatural" refer to in the context of mental health problems?

  It refers to manifestations attributed to forces beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature.
• What does "somatogenic" mean in relation to mental health problems?

  Somatogenic refers to issues affecting or originating through the body.
• What does "psychogenic" mean in the context of mental health problems?

  Psychogenic means originating in the mind or in mental or emotional conflict.
• What is the contemporary medical model in mental health?

  • It views mental health issues similarly to physical illnesses.
  • Assumes behavior is affected by changes in the brain/nervous system.
  • Focuses on biological factors as primary in the development of disorders.
• What are the pros and cons of diagnosis in mental health?

  Pros:

  • Provides a way to understand and communicate issues.
  • Helps guide treatment decisions.
  • Facilitates access to services and support.

  
  

  Cons:

  • Can lead to stigma and self-fulfilling prophecies.
  • May not capture the unique experience of the individual.
• What does "aetiology" refer to in the context of mental health problems?

  Aetiology refers to the origin or cause of a disorder.
• What was a common belief about mental health problems in prehistory?

  It was believed that mental health problems were caused by possession by evil spirits or demons.
• What is trephination?

  Trephination is the creation of a hole in the skull, historically used to treat mental health issues.
• Who is considered the 'father' of modern western medicine?

  Hippocrates is considered the 'father' of modern western medicine.
• What concept did Hippocrates develop regarding mental health?

  He developed the concept of the four humours.
• What are the four humours identified by Hippocrates?

  The four humours are sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic, and choleric.
• What treatments did Hippocrates suggest for mental health disorders?

  Treatments included regulating the environment, dietary changes, bloodletting, and immersion in cold water.
• How did Galen contribute to the understanding of mental health disorders?

  Galen continued the Hippocratic-Galenic approach and emphasized the Humoural Theory of disorders.
• What characterized the Middle Ages' approach to mental health problems?

  The Middle Ages continued early ideas about humours and recognized environmental factors.
• What treatments were common during the Middle Ages for mental health problems?

  Treatments included bleeding, purging, and whipping.
• How did the church influence the understanding of mental health during the Middle Ages?

  The church viewed "madness" as a moral failing and evidence of sin.
• What was the significance of the first asylums that appeared during the Middle Ages?

  The first asylums were established to house the mentally ill.
• What does humanism emphasize in relation to mental health?

  Humanism emphasizes human welfare and the decline of supernatural explanations for mental illness.
• What were the conditions like in the Hospital of Saint Mary of Bethlehem, also known as 'Bedlam'?

  Conditions were harsh, inhumane, filthy, and patients were often chained or locked in small boxes.
• What was the reform movement for moral treatment during the Renaissance?

  The reform movement advocated for humane treatment and moral guidance based on individual needs.
• Who was Pinel and what did he do during the reform movement?

  Pinel unchained 'inmates' at La Bicetre Hospital and advocated for humane treatment.
• What did William Tuke establish in England?

  William Tuke established the York Retreat in England.
• What was the County Asylums Act of 1845?

  The act required every county in England and Wales to provide some form of support for those in asylums.
• Who was Dorothea Dix and what was her contribution to mental health reform?

  Dorothea Dix was a reformer who improved conditions in asylums through the mental hygiene movement.
• What did Richard von Krafft Ebing discover about general paresis?

  He found a link between general paresis and syphilis, indicating untreated syphilis could lead to mental health issues.
• What was Emil Kraepelin's contribution to the classification of mental health disorders?

  He emphasized the importance of brain pathology and developed a system for classifying symptoms into discrete disorders.
• What is one of the treatments mentioned that was used historically for mental health disorders?

  Lobotomy is one of the treatments mentioned.
• What are the key implications of the medical model in mental health?

  • Behavior is affected by changes in the brain/nervous system.
  • Mental health issues are viewed similarly to physical illnesses.
  • Diagnosis often does not treat the individual but focuses on biological factors.
• What is the rationale behind drug therapy in the medical model?

  Drug therapy is based on the idea that psychological issues result from physical problems, and changing the physical state will change psychological problems.
• What are the common symptoms of depression?

  1. Lack of interest
  2. Depressed mood
  3. Worthlessness
• What are the common symptoms of anxiety?

  1. Excessive worry
  2. Restlessness
  3. Muscle tension
• Why is classification important in mental health diagnosis?

  • Ensures consistent diagnosis across the world.
  • Facilitates the same treatment approaches globally.
  • Focuses research on the same conditions worldwide.
• What does reliability refer to in the context of diagnosis and classification?

  Reliability refers to the consistency of judgments in diagnosing mental health disorders.
• What is a limitation regarding the boundaries between mental health disorders?

  The boundaries between disorders can be unclear, leading to diagnostic challenges.