Multi-Cultural considerations in Psychotherapy:

• What is the Dodo Bird Effect in relation to psychological therapies?

  It suggests that all therapies lead to comparable effect sizes.

  
• How can common factors research support a person-centered approach?

  It highlights the importance of shared therapeutic elements across different therapies.
• What is a key consideration when evaluating the effectiveness of Humanistic psychotherapies?

  Determining who they are effective for is essential.
• What is a problem with mainstream monocultural therapies?

  They may not be suited to culturally diverse clients.
• How can the problems with monocultural therapies be addressed?

  By offering more culturally-sensitive approaches.

  
• What is a recent criticism of Humanistic Psychotherapies?

  They lack sufficient evidence to support their effectiveness.
• What is the stance of NICE regarding Humanistic Psychotherapies?

  There is relatively little interest from NICE in these therapies.
• What did Rosenzweig propose regarding therapy effectiveness?

  He suggested that common factors are more important than specific factors.
• What is the Dodo Bird Effect in relation to psychological therapies?

  The Dodo Bird Effect refers to the finding that different psychotherapies lead to comparable outcomes, suggesting that common factors rather than specific techniques are responsible for therapeutic change.
• Are Humanistic psychotherapies effective, and for whom are they effective?

  There is growing support for the effectiveness of Humanistic psychotherapies, particularly for treating depression. They appear to be effective for a range of clients, including those with mild-to-moderate and moderate-to-severe depression.
• What are the problems with mainstream monocultural therapies?

  Mainstream monocultural therapies, which have their roots in white, male, Western culture, can be biased against minority groups and fail to consider their worldviews and values, leading to cultural oppression.
• What are some ways in which the problems with mainstream monocultural therapies can be addressed to offer more culturally-sensitive approaches?

  The problems with mainstream monocultural therapies can be addressed by: 1) engaging more with non-Western approaches, 2) adapting existing mainstream therapies to be more culturally sensitive, and 3) therapists developing multicultural competencies.
• Who is considered the 'father of psychotherapy research'?

  Carl Rogers is considered the 'father of psychotherapy research'.
• Why is there relatively little interest from NICE in Humanistic Psychotherapies?

  There is relatively little interest from NICE in Humanistic Psychotherapies because they lack strong evidence, particularly in the form of randomized controlled trials, which NICE prefers as the 'gold-standard' for classifying therapies as Evidence Based Treatments.
• Who proposed the 'Dodo Bird conjecture'?

  Saul Rosenzweig proposed the 'Dodo Bird conjecture' in 1936.
• What do many meta-analyses, such as the one by Wampold in 2006, suggest about the outcomes of different psychotherapies?

  Many meta-analyses, such as the one by Wampold in 2006, suggest that all psychotherapies lead to comparable effect sizes, supporting the Dodo Bird conjecture that common factors rather than specific techniques are responsible for therapeutic change.
• What is 'Lambert's Pie'?

  'Lambert's Pie' refers to the model that suggests the most frequently studied 'common factors' in psychotherapy are accurate empathy, positive regard, and congruence/genuineness.

  
• Why is there a preference for 'gold-standard' evidence (randomised controlled trials) for therapies to be classed as Evidence Based Treatments (EBTs)?

  There is a preference for 'gold-standard' evidence from randomised controlled trials for therapies to be classed as Evidence Based Treatments (EBTs) because this type of study design is considered the most rigorous and reliable for establishing the effectiveness of interventions.
• What were the key findings of the King et al. (2000) study on the effectiveness of Person-Centered Therapy (PCT) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for depression?

  The King et al. (2000) study found that PCT and CBT were equally effective in reducing depressive symptoms at 4 months, and both were better than GP care, but there was no difference between the 3 groups at 12 months. However, patients in the PCT group were more satisfied with the treatment at 12 months.

  
• What were the key findings of the Gibbard and Hanley (2008) study on the effectiveness of Person-Centered Therapy (PCT) for anxiety and depression?

  The Gibbard and Hanley (2008) study found that PCT was effective for treating both anxiety and depression over a 5-year period, and that it was not limited to only mild-to-moderate cases, but was also effective for moderate-to-severe presentations.
• What was NICE's recommendation regarding the use of counselling as a first-line treatment for new episodes of depression?

  NICE recommended counselling as an option for first-line treatment for new episodes of both less severe and more severe depression, though it was considered less well-supported than many other treatment options based on an evaluation of clinical evidence and cost-effectiveness.
• What is School-Based Humanistic Counselling (SBHC) and how does it work?

  School-Based Humanistic Counselling (SBHC) is a nondirective approach based on the work of Carl Rogers, which assumes that distress is brought about by acting in accordance with extrinsic demands rather than intrinsic authentic needs, and promotes self-awareness, self-acceptance, and self-actualization.
• What measure was used in the McArthur et al. (2013) study to assess the effectiveness of School-Based Humanistic Counselling (SBHC)?

  The YP-CORE (Young People's Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation) measure was used at baseline, 6 weeks (midpoint), and 12 weeks (endpoint) to assess the effectiveness of SBHC in reducing psychological distress in young people.
• What did the Pearce et al. (2017) study find regarding the effectiveness of School-Based Humanistic Counselling (SBHC)?

  The Pearce et al. (2017) study supported the findings of the McArthur et al. (2013) study, demonstrating the effectiveness of SBHC in a more ethnically diverse sample, but the effectiveness was only shown for the short-term.