civil rights

• Why was there a focus on public transport and schools in campaigning for rights?

  It greatly affected Black children's education
• How did public transport affect people widely?

  It was many people's main mode of transport
• What did most states have by 1990 regarding segregation?

  Some segregation laws
• What did 'Jim Crow' laws enforce?

  Separate facilities for African-Americans and Whites
• When were most segregation laws passed?

  End of the 19th century
• How did racism and discrimination affect African Americans in the North?

  They mostly lived separately from White Americans
• What was the wage comparison between African American workers and White workers?

  Half of what White Americans earned
• Why could African Americans only afford to live in poorer areas?

  Due to lower wages and higher unemployment
• What was required to register to vote in the South?

  Passing a literacy test
• What was a common method used to prevent African Americans from voting?

  Using violence or threats against them
• What does segregation mean?

  Separating into different groups
• What were the effects of Jim Crow laws on facilities?

  Black facilities were worse than White facilities
• What does NAACP stand for?

  National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
• What incident led to Emmet Till's kidnapping?

  Whistling at a white female clerk
• What happened to Emmet Till after his kidnapping?

  He was brutally beaten and shot
• What did Emmet Till's mother decide for his funeral?

  5-day open casket funeral
• What was the significance of Till's death?

  It catalyzed the American civil rights movement
• What was the outcome of the Brown v. Topeka case in 1954?

  School segregation was deemed unconstitutional
• What prompted the Brown family to take their case to court?

  Linda Brown's application was rejected due to race
• Who led the NAACP legal defense in the Brown case?

  Thurgood Marshall
• What was the main argument against segregation made by NAACP lawyers?

  Segregated schools damaged students psychologically
• What did Southerners fear if schools were desegregated?

  Interracial relationships and families
• What was the main argument made by the opposition in the Brown case?

  Separate does not mean unequal
• Who was chosen as Chief Justice by President Eisenhower?

  Earl Warren
• What did the Supreme Court unanimously decide in the Brown case?

  Separate but equal has no place in this court
• Why is the unanimous decision in Brown vs. Topeka significant?

  It threatened the foundation of Jim Crow laws
• How did desegregation impact African Americans after the 50s?

  They used outdated textbooks and resources
• What does MIA stand for?

  Montgomery Improvement Association
• What was the significance of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

  It led to desegregation on public transport
• Who refused to give up her seat on the bus?

  Rosa Parks
• How long did the Montgomery Bus Boycott last?

  381 days
• Why was the Montgomery Bus Boycott considered successful?

  It gained publicity and led to desegregation
• What were the wider effects of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

  Inspired bus boycotts in other places
• What was the outcome of Brown v. Gayle?

  Segregation on Alabama's buses was unconstitutional
• What were the aims of the Civil Rights Act passed in 1957?

  Investigate voting prevention and prosecute states
• How successful was the Civil Rights Act of 1957?

  Not very successful, limited immediate impact
• Why were Southern states slow to desegregate schools after Brown?

  Reluctance and opposition from local authorities
• What happened at Little Rock in 1957?

  Integration of Central High School was mandated
• Who were the Little Rock Nine?

  9 African American students integrating Central High
• What was the significance of the events at Little Rock?

  Presidential intervention demonstrated federal authority