integrated pathology

• What is the definition of an infectious disease?

  Caused by an agent that is contagious
• What implications does determining the cause of pathology have?

  It affects diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention
• How can infectious diseases be transmitted?

  Through air or water
• What is a causative agent in infectious diseases?

  It is an aetiological agent
• What are microorganisms also referred to as?

  Microbes
• What is an infection?

  Damage to tissues or cells causing disease
• What are the main causes of infectious diseases?

  • Bacteria (Prokaryotes)
  • Viruses (Non-cellular)
  • Fungi (Eukaryotes)
  • Protozoa (Eukaryotes)
  • Prions (Proteins, non-cellular)
  • Helminths (non-microbial, Eukaryotes)
  • Arthropods (non-microbial, Eukaryotes)
• What do Koch’s postulates help determine?

  The causative agent of infectious diseases
• What is the first postulate of Koch's postulates?

  The agent is present in all cases of disease
• What is aerosol transmission?

  Inhalation of air droplets containing microorganisms
• What is fomite transmission?

  Transmission via contaminated surfaces
• How do rhinoviruses spread?

  Through coughing and sneezing
• What are the signs of infectious diseases?

  Objective indicators like fever and coughing

  
• What are symptoms of infectious diseases?

  Subjective experiences like pain and nausea
• What are the phases of an infectious disease?

  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal phase
  3. Clinical phase
  4. Decline phase
  5. Recovery phase
• What is the incubation period?

  Time between infection and symptom appearance
• What characterizes the prodromal phase?

  Mild, non-specific symptoms signaling onset
• What occurs during the clinical phase?

  Typical signs and symptoms of disease appear
• What happens during the decline phase?

  Symptoms begin to subside
• What occurs in the recovery phase?

  Symptoms disappear and tissues heal
• What is an acute infectious disease?

  Develops and progresses quickly
• What is a chronic infectious disease?

  Develops slowly and is long-lasting
• What characterizes a latent infectious disease?

  No symptoms between outbreaks
• What are the classifications of infectious diseases by location?

  • Local: confined to a specific area
  • Systemic: infects multiple body sites
• What is a primary infection?

  Initial infection in a healthy person
• What is a secondary infection?

  Infection in a person weakened by primary infection
• What are mechanisms of pathogenicity?

  How infectious agents cause disease
• What is one way bacteria cause disease?

  By producing toxins that destroy cells
• What is the first step in infection?

  Entry and attachment to the body
• What is the immune response's role in disease pathology?

  It can contribute to disease symptoms
• What are some shared pathologies by site of infection?

  • Respiratory infections
  • Bloodstream infections
  • Encephalitis
  • Meningitis
  • Endocarditis
  • Gastrointestinal disease
  • Skin and soft tissue infections
• What is an example of a skin infection?

  Abscess formation from hair follicle infection
• What can cause necrotizing infections?

  Invasive skin infections
• How can skin infections spread?

  From direct contact with infected skin
• What is the significance of the skin structure in infections?

  It is the site of infection entry
• What are the nutrients necessary for replication and evading immune response?

  Cellular machinery
• What can cause some pathological effects of diseases?

  More than one causative agent
• What are some shared pathologies by site of infection?

  • Respiratory infections
  • Bloodstream infections
  • Encephalitis
  • Meningitis
  • Endocarditis
  • Gastrointestinal disease
  • Skin and soft tissue infections
• What is an example of a skin and soft tissue infection?

  Abscess formation
• What are the types of skin infections mentioned?

  Mucocutaneous lesions and necrotizing infections