Cognitive psychology

• What was the aim of Loftus and Palmer's 1975 study?

  Investigate leading questions' influence on memory
• What were the mean speed estimates for "smashed" and "contacted" in Experiment 1?

  Smashed: 40.8 mph, Contacted: 31.8 mph
• How many participants reported seeing glass in the "smashed" condition of Experiment 2?

  16 participants saw glass
• What conclusion can be drawn from Loftus and Palmer's study?

  A verb in a question can affect responses
• What is context-dependent memory?

  • Memory improves when encoding and retrieval contexts match
  • Involves encoding, storage, and retrieval processes
• What was the sample size in Grant et al.'s study?

  39 participants
• What were the two conditions in Grant et al.'s study?

  Noisy and Silent conditions
• What type of experiment was conducted in Grant et al.'s study?

  Lab experiment
• What were the findings regarding matching conditions in Grant et al.'s study?

  Matching conditions scored higher on tests
• What was the aim of Moray's 1959 Experiment 1?

  Investigate recall of unattended stimuli
• What was the conclusion of Moray's Experiment 1?

  Unattended information is blocked from memory
• What was the aim of Moray's Experiment 2?

  Test if affective cues can break the block
• What were the findings of Moray's Experiment 2 regarding affective cues?

  Participants responded more when names were included
• What was the aim of Moray's Experiment 3?

  Test response to affective cues versus digits
• What was the conclusion of Moray's Experiment 3?

  No difference in digit recall between groups
• What is inattentional blindness?

  Failure to notice an object due to focus
• What was the aim of Simons & Chabris's study?

  Investigate inattentional blindness during visual events
• What was the sample size in Simons & Chabris's study?

  192 participants
• What were the findings regarding detection of the unexpected event?

  54% noticed the unexpected event
• How does task difficulty affect inattentional blindness according to Simons & Chabris?

  Greater difficulty reduces awareness of events
• What are the independent and dependent variables in Simons & Chabris's study?

  • IV: Type of video and task difficulty
  • DV: Number of participants noticing the unexpected event
• What are the key conclusions from the studies discussed?

  • Leading questions can alter memory
  • Context-dependent memory enhances recall
  • Unattended stimuli are often blocked from memory
  • Affective cues can break attention blocks
  • Inattentional blindness occurs with focused tasks