Geography global development

    Cards (29)

    • Development
      a process of change that affects people's lives. It may involve an improvements in the quality of life as perceived by the people undergoing change
    • 4 types of development
      • Economic: an increase in a country's wealth
      • Social: impact on quality of life eg literacy rates + acess to education
      • Political: freedom for people to have a greater say in governemtn
      • Cultural : better equality for women and race relations
    • GDP development indicator

      • GDP is the value of goods and services produced by a country in a year. Dividing by the populations gives GDP per capita
      • High GDP continent- North America
      • Low GDP continent- Africa - they have corrupt governments, landlocked countries, low value of primary goods exported, poor infrastructure, and frequent droughts
    • HDI development indicator
      • HDI is calculated using 3 indicators (life expectancy, literacy rate/ years of schooling, GDP per capita
      • High HDI country : United Kingdom
      • Low HDI country : Congo - high rates of disease, lack of spending on secondary education
    • Corruption development indicator
      • Corruption Perceptions Index grades countries on level of corruption. Quality of government is a big factor of development
      • Low corrupted country: Australia, Norway
      • Highly corrupted country: Somalia, North Korea, Sudan. In Somalia, there is political unrest, lawlessness, bribery, and corruption in the National Army.
    • Inequality development indicator
      • The measurement of inequality within countries is important
      • Gini coefficient shows extent of income inequality. Low value=more equal, high value =unequal income distribution
      • More equal country: Sweden, greenalnd
      • Less equal country: Brazil, Russia, USA
    • Limitation of development measurements
      • A single measure can give a false picture as it gives the average of a whole country not an area.
      • Data can be out of date, or unreliable
      • government corruption may mean data is unreliable
    • Physical factors leading to global variations in development
      • Landlocked - difficult to trade goods. They have to rely on goodwill of neighbours to allow transport of products to the coast
      • Natural disasters - floods, tectonic activity are more likely in some countries. Many countries suffering from these hazards are developing
      • Infrastructure - country's roads, railways, and facilities. Countries with good infrastructure have good investments as goods will be moved quickly
      • Climate - countries which have average climate can support populations with food. In Africa, crops die and people starve
    • Historic factors leading to uneven global development
      • British empire - colonies supplied food to the country that 'owned' them. Eg Brazil sent food + minerals to Portugal
      • Politics + government - countries with stable governments develop quicker. Development is halted if a country is corrupt.
      • War - countries at war spend their income on military weapons rather than development
    • Economic factors leading to uneven development
      • Natural resources - Resources eg minerals help a country to develop. The extraction and sale will bring income
      • Trade - Many trading partnerships go back to colonial times. Countries with good trading developed quicker
      • Foreign investment - brings money into the country
    • Reasons for uneven development in the UK
      • Relief - South of the UK has flatter relief meaning urban areas grow there, increasing economic development
      • Remote areas eg Scottish Highlands, are inaccessible so have limited job opportunities
      • Better infrastructure in South of England. London provides many transport links, meaning trade is strong with lots of job opportunities
      • Climate - south has warmer and drier climate
    • Impacts of uneven development
      • Housing - house prices will rise, homelessness increases. In Brazil, increase in favelas and homelessness
      • Technology - 22% of the population lack basic digital skills. In Brazil, only 20% of rural dwellers have ever used the internet
      • Employment - Fewer jobs in the North, disposable income is £12,000 less than in London.
    • Types of aid
      • Bilateral - given from one country to another. Might be attached agreements, such as recipient country gives major building projects to donor country. Eg India loaned money to Bhutan to build HEP schemes
      • Multilateral - development countries give money via international bodies eg International Monetary Fund, World Bank. These then redistribute the money, usually via loans. Eg World bank loaned $625 million to Bank of India to develop solar installations
    • Types of aid continued
      • Short-term emergency relief - to help cope with the immediate problems caused by disasters like earthquakes + wars. Eg the Red Cross working in Syria, where 12 million are in need to help due to ongoing conflict. Helps to provide food, water, mattresses, and blankets.
      • Long term assistance - Helps people improve their lives and develop their country. Eg Water Aid works in Zambia. They provide 50,000 with safe water per year
    • Inter-governmental agreements
      • Agreements between nations that work together to provide aid. Typically, between developed nations.
    • Top- down approaches
      Advantages: country will develop more quickly due to the size of the projects. Scheme is run by government, so likely to achieve development objectives. Way of helping the large urban populations
      Disadvantages: Country will go into debt, sometimes it has never been paid off. End product is usually expensive to maintain. Much of the building work is done by machines or foreign companies so local jobs aren't creates.
      Examples: 3 Gorges Dam - Yangtze River in China, biggest HEP station ever built.
    • Bottom-up approaches
      Advantages: Scheme is run by local people so likely to achieve objectives. End product is usually cheap to maintain. Way of helping the rural poor. Appropriate technology is used.
      Disadvantages: Country will develop more slowly because of project size. Doesn't help large proportion of country
    • Core and Periphery
      Core (Haves): Industries, governments, social elites, financial power, education system
      Periphery (Have-Nots): Mining, forestry, agriculture, Brain drain, low wages
      People usually move from periphery to core. More money moves into the core than periphery
      Characteristics of core: close to the coast, flat land, lots of natural resources, good transport links, stable governance, good medical care
      Characteristics of periphery: Mountainous, very cold, corrupt government, high rate of disease, poor education
    • Employment sectors
      • Primary sector: using raw materials eg fishing, farming, mining
      • Secondary sector: producing things eg factories
      • Tertiary sector: providing a service eg doctor
      • Quaternary sector: conducting research + development eg IT
      In Brazil, the tertiary sector has employed the most, increasing by 15%
    • Examples of each sector
      Primary: Agriculture - Matto Grosso - Brazil is 2nd biggest soy producer globally, important for Brazil's economy. However, farming is reliable on good season
      Secondary: Aircraft manufacturing - Pays well, good work-life balance
      Tertiary : Tourism - Rio de Janeiro - Tourism generates $6 billion for the economy, job creation (90,000 temporary jobs)
    • Trade in Brazil
      • Trade surplus - exporting more than importing. Leads to multiplier effect, economy will be boosted. Brazil has $79 billion trade surplus.
      • Brazil trades with developed countries, which means stable trade and better development
      • Brazil is a member of Mercosur, which was set up in 1991, and helps to grow nations in South America.
      • Brazils' leading trade partners are China and USA
      • Since 1995, Brazil's exports has increased leading to trade surplus,
    • Aid in Brazil
      Receiving - Examples - during Amazon fires in 2019 they received money from other countries to protect the Amazon. Aid that Brazil receives goes towards the Amazon rather than cities
      Giving - Country's official aid budget has tripled, one of the world's biggest providers of help to poor countries. $1 billion a year
    • Investment in Brazil
      Privatisation: selling government owned businesses, to raise money to pay off government debt
      Public investment: comes from the government. Until 2019, Brazil had the most state-owned enterprises in South America. Eg Petrobras is an oil company, 64% owned by the government. Employs 70,000
      Private investment: comes from individuals or corporations. Eg Joseph Safra
      Private investment by foreign companies - FDI (foreign direct investment). Brazil is the 7th largest recipient of FDI in the world. Examples of TNCs(Transnational corporations) are Shell, Renault, McDonalds.
    • Change in population of Brazil
      Population pyramids: visualising how populations are composed divided by age and sex.
      • Birth rate has fallen significantly, causing base of pyramid to be narrower. This is due to modernisation, and rapid urbanisation
      • Infant mortality fell by 50% between 1990 and 2006, causing side at the base to be more vertical
      • Life expectancy has increased, so it got wider at the apex
    • Geopolitics
      Geopolitics: the influence of factors such as geography and economics on the politics and foreign policy of a state.
      • Good relations with supowerpowers eg USA
      • Brazil doing lots of charity work globally eg emergency relief
      • After Bolsonaro lost election in 2022, increasing conflict due to differences in opinion.
    • Geopolitical factors and development
      • Policy of multilateralism - having good relationships helps to create interconnectedness between economies, reducing liklihood of armed conflict
      • Policy of promoting peace - less likely to be civil unrest, meaning social + economic development can continue
      • Being part of Mercosur - goods can be imported and exported without tariffs. Increases GDP per capita, boosting development
      • Having large and open borders - If lots of refugees cross the border, this could put strain on housing, water, food. Lowers standard of living on a local scale.
    • Technology in Brazil
      • Areas with lower access - physical factors eg Amazon rainforest has a lack of housing and inability to put infrastructure in place
      • Areas with high access - cities located there, people living there have jobs so can afford broadband.
      • Access to broadband helps access online learning, research, education development. Online shopping also increases businesses' income, which has economic benefits.
      Technological leapfrogging: a nation bypasses traditional stages of development to jump directly to latest technology.
    • Impacts of rapid development (positive)
      Positive:
      • Growth in GDP - huge agricultural sector contributes to economy. Tourism is a growing industry, adds $6 billion to the economy
      • Life expectancy - risen from 60 in 1960 to 75 today. Due to the Family Health Strategy
      • Education improvements - Children receive compulsory education. Lots of universities in Sao Paulo and research projects
    • Impacts of rapid development (negative)
      • Deforestation - cattle ranching has led to mass deforestation. Intensive farming uses lots of chemicals which leads to loss of biodiversity.
      • Greenhouse gases - 340 million tonnes of carbon every year, around 3.5% of all emissions. Due to deforestation in the Amazon
      • Working conditions - 4th largest garment production industry, however contains lots of sweatshops. Immigrants from Bolivia work in them, long hours with low wages
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