Set E

• What is the main function of the Bowmans capsule?

  to filter fluid from the blood to form urine
• The vasa recta capillary system serves which part of the kidney nephron?

  Loop of Henle
• What is the main function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

  To reabsorb large amounts of solutes and water from urine
• Where would you find counter current flow between the following parts of the kidney nephron?

  Loop of henle and collecting ducts
• Humans mainly use which one of the following compounds to excrete the excess nitrogen generated from the metabolism of proteins?

  Urea
• Which one of the following enzymes is important in acid-base regulation?

  Carbonic anhydrase
• Which one of the following hormones is release by the adrenal medulla?

  Adrenaline
• Changes in the pH of body fluids are compensated by?

  Protein buffer, changes in rate and depth of breathing, phosphate buffer system, carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system
• If a person has a severe panic attack with hyperventilation what type of acid-base imbalance could occur?

  Respiratory alkalosis
• What will contribute hydrogen ions to blood?

  Protein, fats, carbon dioxide, lactic acid
• Which one of the following excretory products is the most toxic?

  Ammonia
• Which one of the following is the functional unit of the kidney?

  Nephron
• What does the term ‘hypertonic urine’ mean?

  Urine is more concentrated than blood plasma
• Which one of the following does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulate?


  Blood pressure
• Which tissue responds to dehydration and promotes thirst?

  Hypothalamus
• Which part of the kidney nephron does the vasa recta capillary system serves?

  Loop of henle and collecting duct
• What is a consequences of long term stress?

  Suppressed digestion, libido, fertility, immunity
• What happens during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

  New endometrium forms
• Labour leading to parturition (child birth) is a positive feedback mechanism involving which one of the following hormones?

  Oxytocin
• Which one of the following is not part of the human female reproductive system?

  Epididymis
• what is true for sertoli cells?

  Source of nutrition for sperm, phagocytose dead sperm, form blood testes barrier, they produce seminiferous tubule fluid
• Male reproductive hormones 


  GnRH, LH, testestorene, FSH
• Stages of development following fertilisation during pregnancy?

  Blastocyst > embryo > foetus > neonate
• Which Assisted Reproductive Techniques involves direct injection of sperm into the ovum?

  ICSI
• What is the term for mature male gametes?

  Spermatozoa
• Which statement is CORRECT regarding how Viagra works?

  It prevents the breakdown of cGMP
• Which hormone does a pregnancy test detect?

  human chorionic gonadotropin
• During pregnancy, trophoblasts invade the uterine spiral arteries and develop a _____________ phenotype, resulting in the vessels becoming ________________.

  Endothelial, highly dilated
• During the preantral stage of follicle development, what produces Testosterone?

  Thecal cells
• What causes the "dilutional anaemia of pregnancy"?

  Increased plasma volume without a proportional increase in red blood cell mass
• Which respiratory change is observed during pregnancy?

  Elated diaphragm position
• Which is the initiation of labour in humans

  Increase in oxytocin from pituitary, maturation of fetal adrenal cortex and secretion of ACTH, decline in progesterone production from the placenta, increased oestrogen from the placenta
• What is the Ferguson reflex?

  Neuroendocrine reflex triggered by cervical stretch leading to contraction stimulation
• What physiological adaptation occurs in the maternal cardiovascular system during pregnancy?

  Decreased total vascular peripheral resistance