Factors affecting enzyme rate

• What factors affect enzyme activity?

  Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration
• How can the rate of an enzyme reaction be measured?

  By measuring product formation or substrate breakdown
• What happens to the reaction rate when substrate is broken down?

  The reaction rate can be calculated from substrate loss
• How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

  Higher temperatures increase reaction rates until denaturation
• What occurs to enzymes at high temperatures?

  Enzymes vibrate more and can become denatured
• What is the optimum temperature for most human enzymes?

  Approximately 37 °C
• What is the effect of low temperatures on enzyme activity?

  Substrates fit into the active site effectively
• What happens to enzymes at their optimum pH?

  They function best and maintain their structure
• What is the optimum pH for most human enzymes?

  pH 7 (neutral)
• How does pH affect enzyme structure?

  It disrupts ionic and hydrogen bonds in enzymes
• What is the relationship between substrate concentration and reaction rate?

  Higher substrate concentration increases reaction rate until saturation
• What occurs at the saturation point of substrate concentration?

  All active sites are occupied, and reaction rate levels off
• What happens when enzyme concentration increases?

  The rate of reaction increases until substrate is limited
• What are enzyme inhibitors?

  Molecules that bind to enzymes and reduce activity
• How do competitive inhibitors work?

  They block the active site, preventing substrate binding
• What determines the extent of competitive inhibition?

  The relative concentrations of inhibitor and substrate
• How do non-competitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity?

  They change the active site shape, preventing binding
• What is the effect of increasing substrate concentration on non-competitive inhibition?

  It has little effect on the rate of reaction
• What are the main factors affecting enzyme activity?

  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Substrate concentration
  • Enzyme concentration
  • Enzyme inhibitors
• How do temperature and pH affect enzyme activity?

  • Temperature increases reaction rates until denaturation
  • pH affects ionic and hydrogen bonds, altering enzyme shape
• What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibitors?

  • Competitive inhibitors block the active site
  • Non-competitive inhibitors change the active site shape
• What happens to reaction rates at saturation point for substrate concentration?

  • Reaction rates level off as all active sites are occupied
• How does enzyme concentration affect reaction rates?

  • More enzyme increases reaction rate until substrate is limited