stats

• What is raw data?

  Unprocessed data just collected
• Why is qualitative data often more difficult to analyze?

  It is non-numerical and subjective
• What type of data is height considered?

  Quantitative data
• What distinguishes discrete data from continuous data?

  Discrete data takes particular values only
• Give an example of continuous data.

  Height or weight
• What is categorical data?

  Data sorted into non-overlapping categories
• What type of data can be ranked on a scale?

  Ordinal data
• What is bivariate data?

  Data involving two variables
• What is multivariate data?

  Data involving more than two variables
• What are the pros and cons of grouping data?

  Pros:

  • Makes data easy to read
  • Helps spot patterns quickly

  
  

  Cons:

  • Loses accuracy of data
  • Calculations are only estimates
• What is primary data?

  Data collected by yourself
• What is secondary data?

  Data that has already been collected
• What defines a population in statistics?

  Everyone or everything involved in the investigation
• What is a census?

  A survey of the entire population
• What is a sample in statistics?

  A smaller number from the population surveyed
• What is a sampling frame?

  A list of all population members
• What is a biased sample?

  A sample that does not represent the population fairly
• What is a random sample?

  Every item has an equal chance of selection
• What is the first step in random sampling?

  Assign a number to every member
• What is stratified sampling?

  Sample size is proportional to population strata
• What is systematic sampling?

  Choosing items at regular intervals
• What is cluster sampling?

  Population divided into natural groups
• What is quota sampling?

  Fixed amount sampled from each group
• What is opportunity sampling?

  Using available people/items at the time
• What is judgement sampling?

  Researcher selects sample based on judgement
• What is the Petersen Capture-Recapture method used for?

  Estimating size of large populations

  
• What is the first step in the Petersen Capture-Recapture method?

  Take a sample of the population
• What is an explanatory variable?

  The variable that is changed in an experiment
• What is a response variable?

  The variable that is measured in an experiment
• What are extraneous variables?

  Variables not of interest that affect results
• What are the types of experiments in research?

  1. Laboratory Experiments

  • Full control over variables
  • Conducted in a lab

  1. Field Experiments

  • Conducted in everyday environments
  • Some control over variables

  1. Natural Experiments

  • No control over variables
  • Observes existing conditions
• What is the advantage of laboratory experiments?

  Easy to replicate and control variables
• What is a disadvantage of field experiments?

  Cannot control extraneous variables
• What is a disadvantage of natural experiments?

  Low validity due to uncontrolled variables
• What is the purpose of experiments in research?

  To see how one variable affects another
• What is the formula for stratified sample size?

  $\text{stratified sample} =$$\frac{\text{strata}}{\text{total}} \times \text{sample size}$
• What should be assumed in the Petersen Capture-Recapture method?

  Population has not changed since first capture
• What is the role of extraneous variables in experiments?

  They can affect the results of the experiment
• Why might people behave differently in laboratory experiments?

  Test conditions differ from real-life conditions
• What is the main disadvantage of judgement sampling?

  Quality depends on the researcher's bias