probability and significance

• What is the main focus of the video on research methods in psychology?

  Probability and significance in research methods
• Why is probability important in psychology research?

  It helps manage the risk of errors
• What are the two competing hypotheses in research?

  Null hypothesis (H0) and alternate hypothesis (H1)
• What does the null hypothesis suggest?

  There is no causal relationship between variables
• What does the alternate hypothesis suggest?

  There is a causal relationship between variables
• How is the independent variable manipulated in an experiment?

  By creating separate conditions for testing
• What is the dependent variable in the example given?

  The number of words recalled from a list
• What was the directional hypothesis in the example study?

  Recall will be better in the green light condition
• What does counterbalancing aim to control for in an experiment?

  Order effects in participant responses
• What was the average recall in the green light condition?

  13 words
• What was the average recall in the blue light condition?

  12.5 words
• Why might the data not be strong enough to accept the alternate hypothesis?

  The difference could be due to chance
• What is the significance level psychologists commonly use?

  0.05 or 5% level of significance
• What does a probability of 0.05 mean?

  There is a 5% chance of results due to chance
• How does the number line help in understanding probability?

  It shows the likelihood of events occurring
• What is the probability of flipping a fair coin and getting heads?

  50% or 0.5 probability
• What is the probability of rolling a six on a six-sided die?

  Approximately 16.67% or 0.167 probability
• Why can we never reach a zero percent probability in experiments?

  There is always a chance of error
• What is a type 1 error?

  Accepting a false alternate hypothesis
• What is a type 2 error?

  Rejecting a true alternate hypothesis
• How can researchers reduce the likelihood of a type 1 error?

  By using a stronger level of significance
• What is the courtroom analogy used to explain in the video?

  The decision-making process of accepting hypotheses
• What does the jury's initial perspective represent in hypothesis testing?

  Acceptance of the null hypothesis
• What does the prosecution's argument represent in hypothesis testing?

  Acceptance of the alternate hypothesis
• What is the objective truth in the courtroom analogy?

  The defendant either committed the crime or not
• What is the risk of a type 1 error in the courtroom analogy?

  Convicting an innocent defendant
• What is the risk of a type 2 error in the courtroom analogy?

  Acquitting a guilty defendant
• What are the key concepts of probability and significance in psychology research?

  • Probability helps manage research risks
  • Null hypothesis (H0) vs. alternate hypothesis (H1)
  • Significance level of 0.05 (5%)
  • Type 1 and Type 2 errors
• What are the implications of type 1 and type 2 errors in research?

  Type 1 Error:

  • Accepting a false hypothesis
  • Risk of incorrect conclusions

  
  

  Type 2 Error:

  • Rejecting a true hypothesis
  • Risk of missing valid findings
• What strategies can researchers use to minimize errors in hypothesis testing?

  • Use a stronger significance level (0.01)
  • Increase sample size for more reliable data
  • Carefully design experiments to control variables