geog paper 1

• What are the main topics covered in Paper One of the physical geography exam?

  Natural hazards, the living world, and physical landscapes
• Which environments should students focus on in the living world section of the exam?

  Cold environments
• What sections should students answer questions on in the physical landscapes part of the exam?

  Coasts and rivers
• What is a natural hazard?

  A natural process that can cause death, injury, or disruption to humans, property, or possessions
• What are the three types of hazards mentioned in the study material?

  Tectonic, geological, and atmospheric hazards
• Give an example of a tectonic hazard.

  Earthquakes
• What is the structure of the Earth as described in the study material?

  The Earth consists of the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core
• What is the thickness of the Earth's crust beneath the ocean?

  About 5 to 10 kilometers
• What causes convection currents in the mantle?

  Heat generated by radioactive decay of elements in the core
• Describe the process of convection currents.

  Heat causes magma to rise, cool, and then sink, creating a circular movement
• What are the three types of plate boundaries?

  Destructive, constructive, and conservative plate margins
• What happens at a destructive plate margin?

  The crust is destroyed as one tectonic plate is subducted beneath another
• What is formed at a constructive plate margin?

  New crust is created as tectonic plates pull apart
• What occurs at a conservative plate margin?

  Two tectonic plates slide past each other, causing strain energy to build up
• What is the focus of an earthquake?

  The point where the energy is initially released
• What is the epicenter of an earthquake?

  The point directly above the focus on the surface of the Earth
• What are seismic waves?

  Waves of energy that radiate outwards from the focus of an earthquake
• What are some ways to manage earthquake risks?

  Building earthquake-resistant structures and increasing public awareness
• What tools can be used to predict earthquakes?

  Satellite surveying and seismometers
• What is the case study for the LIC earthquake?

  The Gawker earthquake in Nepal in 2015
• What was the magnitude of the Gawker earthquake?

  7.8 magnitude
• What secondary impact occurred as a result of the Gawker earthquake?

  A landslide
• Why might some countries respond better to earthquakes than others?

  Wealthier countries can invest in better prediction and preparation
• What are some reasons people continue to live in hazardous areas?

  Fertile soils, cheaper land, and tourism benefits
• What are the three cells in global atmospheric circulation?

  Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, and polar cell
• What happens at the equator in terms of atmospheric circulation?

  Hot air rises, spreads, cools, and sinks
• What is the relationship between pressure systems and weather?

  Low pressure causes stormy weather, while high pressure leads to calm weather
• What is a key slogan to remember about wind direction?

  Winds always blow from high to low
• What are tropical storms called in different parts of the world?

  They have different names depending on the region, such as hurricanes and typhoons
• What happens to air at the equator when it is heated by the sun?

  It rises, spreads out, cools, and then sinks back down.
• What type of weather is typically associated with low pressure systems?

  Stormy and cloudy weather.
• What is the general direction of wind flow in relation to pressure systems?

  Winds blow from high pressure to low pressure.
• How do tropical storms differ in name based on location?

  They have different names depending on the region they occur in.
• What are the six steps in the formation of a tropical storm?

  1. The sun heats a large area of the ocean.
  2. Warm, moist air rises, creating low pressure.
  3. Air is sucked in, forming a thunderstorm.
  4. Trade winds blow in the opposite direction, causing rotation.
  5. The storm spins faster, exceeding 74 miles per hour.
  6. Cool air sinks in the center, creating calm conditions in the eye.
• What temperature is typically needed for a tropical storm to form?

  27 degrees Celsius.
• What happens to a tropical storm when it makes landfall?

  It loses its energy source and begins to weaken.
• What might be the impact of global warming on tropical storms?

  It could increase the frequency of tropical storms.
• What are some management strategies for tropical storms?

  • Aid planning
  • Prediction of storms
  • Educating the public on safety measures
• What are some primary effects of tropical storms?

  Intense winds damaging buildings and flooding.
• What is a secondary effect of tropical storms?

  People being left homeless due to destruction.