T1: APPLIED ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

• What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

  Mineral storage, blood cell production, protection of vital organs, muscle attachment, and joints for movement.
• What minerals are primarily stored in the bones?

  Calcium and phosphorus.
• Why are calcium and phosphorus important for the body?

  They are necessary for vital body functions, including strong teeth and bones.
• What types of blood cells are produced in the bone marrow?

  Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
• How do bones protect vital organs?

  Bones act as a rigid shell to protect soft and easily damaged organs.
• What role do bones play in muscle attachment?

  Bones provide a surface for muscles to attach to via tendons.
• What is a joint?

  A joint is a place where two or more bones meet and allow movement.
• What are the four major classifications of bones in the human skeleton?

  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
• What defines long bones?

  Long bones are longer than they are wide and play a key role in leverage and movement.
• What is the shape of short bones?

  Short bones are box-like in shape.
• What is the function of flat bones?

  Flat bones provide protection and a large surface for muscle attachment.
• What are irregular bones?

  Irregular bones are unusually shaped bones that serve unique purposes.
• How many sections are there in the vertebral column?

  There are five sections in the vertebral column.
• How many cervical vertebrae are there?

  There are seven cervical vertebrae.
• How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

  There are twelve thoracic vertebrae.
• How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

  There are five lumbar vertebrae.
• How many sacral vertebrae are there?

  There is one sacral vertebra.
• How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

  There is one coccygeal vertebra.
• What type of movement occurs at a pivot joint?

  Rotation occurs at a pivot joint.
• What movements are allowed at hinge joints?

  Flexion and extension occur at hinge joints.
• What movements occur at ball and socket joints?

  Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction occur at ball and socket joints.
• What movements are allowed at condyloid joints?

  Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction occur at condyloid joints.
• What is flexion at a joint?

  Flexion is when the angle at a joint is decreased.
• What is extension at a joint?

  Extension is when the angle at a joint is increased.
• What is abduction at a joint?

  Abduction is when a limb is moved away from the midline of the body.
• What is rotation at a joint?

  Rotation is a twisting action where a part of the body turns around its long axis.
• What is adduction at a joint?

  Adduction is when a limb is moved towards the midline of the body.
• What is circumduction at a joint?

  Circumduction is a combination of flexion, abduction, adduction, and extension that looks like drawing a circle in the air.
• What is dorsi-flexion at the ankle?

  Dorsi-flexion is when the toes are raised towards the sun at the ankle joint.
• What is plantar-flexion at the ankle?

  Plantar-flexion is when the toes are pointed away from the sun at the ankle joint.
• What is the name of the bone located in the shoulder area?

  Scapula
• Which bone is known as the upper arm bone?

  Humerus
• What is the structure that consists of vertebrae called?

  Vertebral column
• What is the name of the bone located on the inner side of the forearm?

  Ulna
• Which bone is located on the outer side of the forearm?

  Radius
• What is the name of the larger bone in the lower leg?

  Tibia
• What is the name of the smaller bone in the lower leg?

  Fibula
• What are the long bones in the foot called?

  Metatarsals
• What are the bones that make up the ankle called?

  Tarsals
• What is the name of the bone that forms the skull?

  Cranium