Biology - Eukaryotic Cells

• What does the cell theory state?

  All organisms are composed of cells.
• What types of organisms can be unicellular?

  Amoeba and bacteria are unicellular.
• How do new cells arise?

  From pre-existing cells through division.
• What has advanced microscopy allowed us to understand?

  The ultrastructure of cells.
• What do eukaryotic cells contain?

  A nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• What additional organelles do plant cells have?

  Chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls.
• What are the functions of the nucleus?

  • Contains DNA for protein synthesis
  • DNA replication occurs here
  • Transcription produces mRNA templates

  
• What do nuclear pores allow to transport out of the nucleus?

  mRNA and ribosomes.
• What does the nuclear envelope do?

  Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
• What is the function of the nucleolus?

  Produces rRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes.
• What happens to chromatin before cell division?

  It condenses to form chromosomes.
• What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  Packaging and storing proteins.
• What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum produce?

  Steroids and lipids.
• What is the role of the Golgi body?

  Packaging proteins for secretion.
• What do lysosomes contain?

  Digestive enzymes to break down materials.
• What is the function of centrioles?

  Form the spindle during cell division.
• What is the main function of mitochondria?

  ATP synthesis by aerobic respiration.
• What do chloroplasts contain for photosynthesis?

  Photosynthetic pigments to trap light energy.
• What does the vacuole contain?

  Cell sap and solutes like glucose.
• What is the primary function of ribosomes?

  Protein synthesis.
• What do plasmodesmata connect?

  Cells via cytoplasm-filled canals.
• What is the function of the cell wall?

  Provides mechanical strength and support.
• How do organelles work together in protein synthesis?

  1. Ribosomes produced in nucleolus
  2. mRNA leaves nucleus via nuclear pores
  3. Ribosomes on rough ER synthesize proteins
  4. Rough ER transports polypeptides to Golgi body
  5. Golgi modifies polypeptides to tertiary structure
  6. Enzymes packaged into secretory vesicles
  7. Vesicles merge with cell membrane for exocytosis
• What are the similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

  Similarities:

  • Double membrane
  • Highly folded inner membranes
  • Circular DNA for self-replication
  • Ribosomes present
  • Produce ATP

  
  

  Differences:

  • Mitochondria have cristae; chloroplasts have thylakoid membranes
  • Chloroplasts contain photosynthetic pigments; mitochondria do not
  • Mitochondria have an inner matrix; chloroplasts have a stroma
• What is the structure of mitochondria?

  They have cristae and an inner matrix.

  
• What is the structure of chloroplasts?

  They have thylakoid membranes and a stroma.