biological

• What triggers the production of testosterone in the womb?

  SRY gene
• How do testosterone levels before and after birth affect the brain?

  They may cause differences in brain structure
• Which brain structure is larger in men due to testosterone?

  Amygdala
• What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?

  Condition with high testosterone exposure in females
• What is a common outcome of CAH in female fetuses?

  Ambiguous genitalia resembling a penis
• What behavior is observed in girls raised with CAH?

  Preference for boy toys and play behavior
• What is the key role of estrogen in women?

  Regulating the menstrual cycle
• How can estrogen affect women's emotions before menstruation?

  It can cause heightened emotionality and irritability
• What do some psychologists argue about emotional changes due to estrogen?

  They argue it's a social or cultural phenomenon
• What role does estrogen play in male development?

  It contributes to bone growth
• What hormone do women generally produce more of due to childbirth?

  Oxytocin
• What is a primary function of oxytocin after childbirth?

  Stimulating emotional bonding and lactation
• How does oxytocin affect cortisol levels?

  It reduces cortisol levels
• What are the sex chromosomes for females and males?

  Females have XX, males have XY
• What is Turner Syndrome?

  Condition with one X chromosome in females
• How common is Turner Syndrome among biological females?

  1 in 5000
• What are some characteristics of adults with Turner Syndrome?

  They don't develop menstrual cycles or breasts
• How do most individuals with Turner Syndrome identify?

  Most identify as female
• What is the dominant male theory in evolutionary explanations?

  Males compete for females, strongest mate frequently
• What does the dominant male theory ensure?

  Continuation of masculine traits contributing to dominance
• What roles did men and women adopt in the EEA for reproductive success?

  Men were hunters, women gathered
• Why was it dangerous for women to hunt when lactating?

  Risk of leaving infants without food
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the biological approach to gender?

  Strengths:

  • Explains masculine-typical gender behavior
  • Correlation found between testosterone and masculinity

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Gender varies across cultures
  • Tends to view gender as binary
• What did Baucom et al. (1985) find regarding testosterone levels?

  Higher testosterone correlated with increased masculinity