Left and right realism (crime)

• When did Left and Right Realism emerge?

  In the 1980s and 1990s
• What prompted the emergence of Left and Right Realism?

  Failure of sociological theories to address crime
• What do Left and Right Realists critique?

  New Criminology and Marxist views of crime
• How do Left and Right Realists differ in their views?

  They disagree on causes and solutions of crime
• What is one learning objective of Left Realism?

  Understand criticisms of other sociological explanations
• What did Left Realism emerge from?

  Despair within the sociology of crime
• What do Left Realists aim to tackle?

  Deprivation and local population needs
• What are the three main flaws of New Criminology according to Young et al.?

  Romanticized crime, ignored victimization, no practical policies
• What do Lea & Young argue about Official Statistics of crime?

  They are correct and reflect reality
• Who does NLR blame for crime instead of poor socialization?

  The government for inadequate policies
• What significant social event occurred in October 1990?

  Poll Tax Riots in Brixton
• What do Left Realists believe about the increase in working-class crimes?

  It is a genuine increase, not a recording issue
• What do victim surveys indicate about crime?

  More people claim to experience crime
• What is an aetiological crisis according to Young?

  A crisis in explaining the rise of crime
• What do Left Realists argue about the rise in crime statistics?

  It is too great to be a social construction
• Who is most affected by crime according to Left Realists?

  Disadvantaged groups
• What are the three influences that cause crime according to Left Realists?

  Relative deprivation, marginalisation, subcultural response
• What triggered the initial disturbances in Tottenham?

  The police shooting of Mark Duggan
• What did many rioters say about their involvement in looting?

  It was due to opportunism
• What grievances did rioters identify during the 2011 riots?

  Tuition fees, youth services, social injustices
• What does Young argue about changes in the economy and exclusion?

  They lead to community disintegration and crime increase
• What has increased since the 1970s according to Young?

  Insecurity and exclusion
• What has deindustrialisation led to?

  Increased unemployment for young people
• What has widened the gap between rich and poor?

  Growth in individualism
• What does Young argue about cultural inclusion and economic exclusion?

  It creates relative deprivation
• What is the average salary of a Premier League footballer in 2024-25?

  £3.1 million
• Who is the highest paid Premier League footballer in 2024-25?

  Kevin de Bruyne
• How has crime changed in late modernity?

  It is found throughout the social structure
• What is the public's reaction to crime in late modernity?

  Less tolerance for unacceptable behavior
• What does Young say about anti-social behaviour rates?

  They are increasing despite crime going down
• What does 'defining deviance up' mean?

  Less tolerance for minor incivilities
• What are ASBOs and IPNAs examples of?

  Policies to tackle anti-social behaviour
• What do Left Realists argue is necessary to reduce crime?

  Improve policing and address structural causes
• Why do Left Realists believe the police clear-up rate is low?

  Insufficient time and resources for investigations
• What do Left Realists suggest about public involvement in policing?

  It should determine police priorities and style
• What is the problem with military policing according to Left Realists?

  It alienates the public and reduces support
• What do Left Realists see as the main cause of crime?

  Structural inequalities in society
• What structural changes do Left Realists advocate for?

  Address inequality and provide decent jobs
• What is the impact of Left Realism on government policy?

  It has influenced crime reduction strategies
• What do Left Realists believe about military policing?

  Military policing is ineffective according to them