Green Crime

• What does green crime refer to?

  Crimes committed against the environment
• Who first used the term 'green crime' in criminology?

  Wolf (2011)
• What issue arises from defining green crime strictly as breaking environmental laws?

  Deforestation may not be considered a crime
• What approach do Lynch and Stretsky (2003) suggest for defining green crime?

  A transgressive approach beyond breaking laws
• How does White (2008) define environmental crime?

  Any human action causing environmental harm
• What are the main types of environmental crimes?

  • Pollution and contamination
  • Pollution from fossil fuel burning
  • Species decline from habitat destruction
• How does South (2014) classify green crime?

  Into primary and secondary types
• What are primary green crimes according to South?

  Crimes from destruction of earth's resources
• What are the four main types of primary green crimes identified by South?

  1. Air pollution
  2. Deforestation
  3. Species decline & animal abuse
  4. Water pollution
• What are secondary green crimes according to South?

  Crimes from flouting environmental regulations
• What are the two main types of secondary green crimes identified by South?

  1. State violence against oppositional groups
  2. Hazardous waste and organized crime
• What major environmental disaster occurred in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico?

  BP oil spill from Deepwater Horizon
• What was the impact of the 1984 Bhopal Gas Disaster?

  Killed up to 25,000 people by 2012
• What causes many green crimes according to the study material?

  Deliberate or negligent practices
• What does Beck mean by 'global risk society' in relation to green crime?

  Human actions create disasters, not nature
• Who identified four distinct groups that commit green crimes?

  Wolf
• What groups are most at risk of harm from green crime?

  People in southern hemisphere and working class
• What are some ways society enforces action against green crime?

  • Pressure groups like Greenpeace
  • Passing legislation/laws
  • Regulating and monitoring industry
  • Protecting areas of land/species
  • Environment agency involvement
  • Government setting targets
  • Attending international conferences
  • Educating young people
• What is a major problem in solving green crime?

  It lacks stigma and is poorly legislated
• What are the three main explanations of green crime?

  1. Anthropocentric view of corporations (White)
  2. Crimes of the powerful (Marxists)
  3. Conventional crime factors (Wolf)
• What challenges do sociologists face in researching green crime?

  Different laws, definitions, and measurement issues
• What is the significance of green criminology?

  • Addresses threats of environmental harm
  • Contextualizes within globalization
  • Links to sociological theories of crime
• Why is there a lack of agreement on what constitutes green crime?

  It depends on definitions and criteria used
• What is a common exam question related to green crime?

  Outline two types of green crime
• What is another common exam question related to green crime?

  Outline two problems of measuring green crime
• What is a third common exam question related to green crime?

  Outline three explanations of green crime