Social class and DEA

• How much more likely are children from professional families to achieve 5 A*-C grades at GCSE compared to those from unemployed families?

  More than twice as likely
• Are children from professional families more likely to stay on to higher education than those from skilled manual families?

  They are just as likely
• Where are more children from working-class backgrounds found compared to middle bands at school?

  In top bands
• What are the learning objectives related to social class educational achievement?

  • Describe patterns of social class educational achievement
  • Understand internal and external factors affecting achievement
  • Evaluate the role of these factors in differential achievement
  • Understand material and cultural factors affecting achievement
  • Evaluate the role of these factors in differential achievement
• Compared to middle-class pupils, what are working-class pupils more likely to start school unable to do?

  Read
• What are working-class pupils less likely to do well in compared to middle-class pupils?

  Tests like SATS
• What are working-class pupils less likely to get compared to middle-class pupils?

  Places in the best state schools
• What are working-class pupils more likely to be placed in compared to middle-class pupils?

  Lower streams
• What are working-class pupils more likely to achieve in terms of exam results?

  Poorer exam results
• At what age are working-class pupils more likely to leave education?

  At the minimum age of 18
• What type of courses are working-class pupils more likely to undertake instead of staying in education?

  Vocational or training courses
• What are the two categories of factors affecting educational achievement?

  • Internal factors: Occur within schools and classrooms
  • External factors: Happen in homes and families of pupils
• What does material deprivation refer to?

  Poverty and lack of necessities
• What are some material factors that contribute to educational achievement?

  Housing, diet and health, financial support
• How can the effects of material factors be described?

  They can be cumulative
• What is cultural deprivation?

  Lacking attitudes, values, language for success
• What are some cultural factors that affect educational achievement?

  Language, parents' education, working-class subculture
• What do Sodha and Margo (2010) suggest about cultural factors and education?

  They create disengagement from education
• What do expectations refer to in the context of education?

  Beliefs about achieving something
• What do aspirations refer to in the context of education?

  Hopes about achieving something
• What does cultural capital include according to Robson (2003)?

  Activities like museums, reading books
• How can cultural capital be converted according to Bourdieu?

  Into educational capital and then economic capital
• What does Bourdieu suggest about schooling?

  It is not neutral
• What do Dunne and Gazeley (2008) conclude about teacher attitudes?

  They construct social class differences in achievement
• What did Rist (1970) find about teacher grouping in kindergarten?

  Teachers used background to group pupils
• What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in education?

  Pupils fulfill labels given by teachers
• What is the halo effect in the context of education?

  Good impressions affect unrelated judgments
• What did Howard Becker (1971) find about the ideal pupil?

  Judged by work, conduct, and appearance
• How did Amelia Hempel-Jorgensen (2009) find the ideal pupil defined in different schools?

  Varied by behaviour and ability
• What do cultural explanations of DEA and social class often overlook according to Reay (2009)?

  The role played by schools themselves
• What do cultural explanations exaggerate according to Reay (2009)?

  The differences between classes
• What is the criticism of cultural factors in education?

  They blame the victims of the system
• What is the role of internal factors in educational achievement?

  They explain underachievement across all backgrounds
• What is labelling in the context of education?

  Judging pupils in various ways
• What is the impact of teacher labels on pupil achievement?

  They can affect pupil achievement
• What is the significance of the 'ideal pupil' concept?

  It influences teacher judgments
• What is the conclusion of Dunne and Gazeley (2008) regarding working-class underachievement?

  It is normalized by teacher attitudes
• What does the term 'self-fulfilling prophecy' imply in education?

  Labels influence future success or failure
• What is the first stage of the self-fulfilling prophecy?

  A label is attached
• What is the second stage of the self-fulfilling prophecy?

  Predictions are made by teachers