DEA and Ethnicity

• What is the focus of the learning objectives in this study material?

  Patterns of ethnic differences in education
• Why is classifying people by ethnicity considered problematic?

  It can oversimplify diverse identities
• How do Lawson & Garrod (2000) define ethnicity?

  Common history, customs, identity, language, religion
• What percentage of pupils in the UK are White according to Webb (2008)?

  About 80%
• What percentage of White male pupils on free school meals achieved 5 A*-C grades according to DfES (2007)?


  24%
• Which ethnic group has the lowest GCSE scores in the UK?

  Bangladeshi children
• In which area do girls outperform boys at GCSE?

  All ethnicities
• What does Hastings (2006) suggest about White pupils' progress compared to Black or Asian pupils?

  White pupils make less progress
• What are the two main categories of explanations for ethnic differences in educational achievement?

  • External factors (outside school)
  • Internal factors (inside school)
• What do cultural deprivation theorists argue about some ethnic groups?

  They underachieve due to inadequate socialization
• What are the two main causes of cultural deprivation?

  Intellectual skills and family structure
• What barrier to education is created by a lack of standard English?

  It hinders communication in UK education
• What did the Swann Report (1985) find regarding language differences?

  They had little impact on achievement
• How do different ethnic groups inherit attitudes and values according to cultural deprivation theorists?

  They are socialized into different attitudes
• What does Murray (1984) attribute to the underachievement of African Caribbean children?

  Lone-parenthood and lack of male role models
• What negative role model does Arnot (2004) suggest affects Black pupils?

  The Ultra-Tough Ghetto Superstar
• How does Pryce (1979) compare Asian and Black cultures in the UK?

  Asian culture is more cohesive than Black culture
• What does Hall (1992) refer to as a ‘Culture of Resistance’?

  Black culture's response to educational challenges
• What do Driver & Ballard (1981) argue about Asian families compared to Black families?

  Asian families have a more pro-school attitude
• What does Lupton (2004) suggest about Asian family dynamics?

  They match the authoritarian school structure
• What does McCulloch (2014) find about ethnic minority pupils' aspirations?

  They aspire to university more than White pupils
• What does Sewell (2009) argue about the absence of fathers in Black boys' lives?

  It leads to lack of nurturing and tough love
• What does Driver (1977) highlight about African Caribbean girls in education?

  They perform well academically
• What does Lawrence (1982) argue about the reasons for Black pupils' underachievement?


  Racism, not low self-esteem, is the cause
• What does Keddie (1971) argue about blaming culture for educational failure?

  It blames victims instead of the system
• What are compensatory education schemes designed to do?

  Address cultural issues in education
• What does material deprivation refer to?

  Lack of physical resources for normal life
• What is a significant cause of material deprivation for ethnic minorities?

  Low income and unemployment rates
• What did Palmer (2012) find about ethnic minority children living in low-income households?

  Almost half live in low-income households
• What does Mason (1995) argue about discrimination in Britain?

  It is a persistent feature for minorities
• What does Rex (1986) suggest about racism's impact on society?

  It leads to social exclusion and poverty
• What did Noon (1993) demonstrate about discrimination in job applications?

  White candidates received more helpful replies
• What are the three main categories of internal factors affecting educational achievement?

  • Labelling
  • Pupil subcultures
  • Ethnocentricity and institutional racism
• What does labelling theory focus on in education?

  How teachers categorize pupils differently
• What do Becker (1971) and Gillborn & Youdell (2000) suggest about teacher expectations?

  They hold racialized expectations of pupils
• How are Black boys often perceived by teachers according to Bourne (1994) and Foster (1990)?

  As threats leading to negative labelling
• What did Osler (2001) find about Black pupils in schools?

  They suffer from unofficial exclusions
• What does Wright (1992) say about Asian pupils in early education?

  They are victims of teachers' ethnocentric views
• What does Archer (2008) argue about teacher's dominant discourse?

  It defines ethnic minorities as non-ideal pupils
• What are the three pupil identities defined by Archer (2008)?

  Ideal, pathologized, and demonized pupils