human environment + cell processes + skills in bio

• What is pollution?

  Contamination of the environment by harmful substances
• What is a negative health impact of carbon monoxide?

  It stops red blood cells from carrying oxygen
• What are the characteristics of carbon monoxide?

  Colourless and odourless gas
• What can result from carbon monoxide exposure?

  Loss of consciousness and potential fatality
• What causes acid rain formation?

  Sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxides dissolve in water
• What do sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxides form in clouds?

  Dilute nitric and sulphuric acid
• What are the effects of acid rain?

  Damages buildings and makes waters acidic
• List five greenhouse gases.

  Water vapour, CO2, nitrous oxide, methane, CFCs
• How do humans contribute to greenhouse gases?

  Burning fossil fuels and deforestation
• What are the effects of global warming?

  Ice caps melting and rising sea levels
• What is eutrophication?

  Excessive nutrients depleting oxygen and sunlight
• What happens during eutrophication?

  Algae blooms and ecosystem dies due to oxygen depletion
• What is deforestation?

  Permanent destruction of forests for land use
• What are the effects of deforestation?

  Severe erosion and higher CO2 levels
• What are enzymes?

  Biological catalysts made of proteins
• How does temperature affect enzyme activity up to optimum?

  Rate of reaction increases with temperature
• What happens to enzymes above optimum temperature?

  Active site changes shape and denatures
• Describe the enzyme process.

  Enzyme binds substrate at active site and breaks it down
• How does pH affect enzyme activity away from optimum?

  Active site shape changes, decreasing reaction rate
• What is the optimum pH for enzymes in the stomach?

  2
• What is the procedure for the pH enzymes practical?

  Mix trypsin and buffer, then add milk
• What is diffusion?

  Net movement of molecules down concentration gradient
• What is active transport?

  Movement of molecules using energy against gradient
• What is osmosis?

  Net movement of water across a membrane
• What factors affect the rate of movement of substances?

  Surface area, distance, temperature, concentration gradient
• What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

  Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
• What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2 -> 6CO_2 +$$6H_2O$
• What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

  Glucose -> lactic acid
• What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

  Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
• What does ATP do?

  Provides energy for cellular processes
• What are the features of aerobic respiration?

  Faster, high energy yield, needs O2
• What are the features of anaerobic respiration?

  Slower, low energy yield, doesn't need O2
• What is the CO2 from seeds practical?

  Germinating seeds produce CO2, indicated by color change
• What is the heat from seeds practical?

  Germinating seeds are warmer than boiled seeds
• What does SLAP UK stand for in data presentation?

  • Scale
  • Line (connecting points)
  • Axis
  • Points
  • Units
  • Key
• What does CORMS stand for in experimental design?

  • Change
  • Organism
  • Repeat (at least 3)
  • Measure (what and for how long)
  • Same (at least 2)
• What is validity in an experiment?

  Effected by a single independent variable only
• What is accuracy in an experiment?

  How close it is to the true value
• What is reliability in an experiment?

  If it has been repeated enough times