Genetics + Protein Synthesis

• What is the entire DNA of an organism called?

  Genome
• What is a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein?

  Gene
• What does the nucleus contain?

  Chromosomes
• What are chromosomes made of?

  DNA molecules
• What are the four features of DNA?

  Deoxyribose sugar, double helix, thymine, larger
• What are the four features of RNA?

  Ribose sugars, single strand, uracil, smaller
• What does A stand for in nucleotides?

  Adenine
• What does T stand for in nucleotides?

  Thymine
• What does C stand for in nucleotides?

  Cytosine
• What does G stand for in nucleotides?

  Guanine
• What does U stand for in nucleotides?

  Uracil
• What does DNA stand for?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• What does RNA stand for?

  Ribonucleic acid
• What are the components of DNA structure?

  Base, sugar molecule, phosphate group
• What is complementary base pairing?

  Bases always match in same way (C-G, A-T/U)
• What happens during transcription?

  DNA is unzipped, mRNA is produced
• What enzyme unzips DNA during transcription?

  RNA polymerase
• Where does mRNA go after transcription?

  It leaves the nucleus to go to ribosome
• What occurs during translation?

  The ribosome constructs the protein from mRNA
• What determines which amino acid is used in translation?

  The triplet code of codons
• What is mRNA?

  Messenger RNA
• What is tRNA?

  Transfer RNA
• Where do amino acids bind and leave during translation?

  Start codon and stop codon
• What are the components of translation structure?

  mRNA, codon, anticodon, tRNA, amino acid
• How many pairs of chromosomes do most human cells have?

  23
• What is the effect of most mutations on proteins and phenotypes?

  They have no effect
• What increases the rate of mutation?

  Ionising radiation and carcinogenic chemicals
• Why don't mutations always result in changes?

  They may not affect the active site
• What is a haploid cell?

  Half the number of chromosomes
• What is a diploid cell?

  A full set of paired chromosomes
• What is a dominant allele?

  Always expressed
• What is a recessive allele?

  Only expressed when no dominant allele
• What is an allele?

  Different versions of a gene
• What is a genotype?

  The set of genes an organism has
• What is a phenotype?

  The physical result expressed by the genes
• What does homozygous mean?

  Has two copies of the same allele
• What does heterozygous mean?

  Has two different alleles
• What were Mendel's conclusions about heredity?

  Characteristics are determined by hereditary units
• What is codominance?

  Neither allele is dominant or recessive
• What are male chromosomes?

  XY