Depression

• What is depression characterized by?

  Low energy levels and sadness
• What are the cognitive components of depression?

  Poor concentration and dwelling on negative thoughts
• What emotional components are associated with depression?

  Sadness, anxiety, and low self-esteem
• What are the behavioral components of depression?

  Low mood, anger, and self-harm
• What are the categories of depression?

  1. Major depressive disorder
  2. Persistent depressive disorder
  3. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
  4. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
• What types of depression are recognized by DSM-5?

  1. Clinical depression
  2. Mild depression
  3. Moderate depression
  4. Severe depression
  5. Psychotic depression
  6. Postnatal depression
  7. Bipolar disorder
  8. Seasonal affective disorder
• What does Beck's Cognitive Triad Theory suggest about depression?

  Negative thoughts about self, world, future
• What are characteristics of negative schemas?

  Overgeneralisation and selective thinking
• What are the characteristics of negative schemas?

  1. Overgeneralisation
  2. Selective thinking
  3. Catastrophising
  4. Personalising
  5. Automatic negative thoughts
  6. Black and white thinking
• How do people with depression process information?

  Focus on negatives and ignore positives
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Beck's cognitive theory of depression?

  Strengths:

  • Cognitive vulnerability predicts later depression
  • Focus on negative word processing

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Does not explain postnatal or psychotic depression
  • Uncertainty about causation of negative self-schema
• What does the ABC model in depression explain?

  Activating event, belief, consequence
• What are irrational core beliefs according to the ABC model?

  I MUST succeed and others MUST treat me well
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the ABC model?

  Strengths:

  • Leads to REST treatment for depression

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Only applies to depression from activating events
  • May place blame on the depressed person
• What are the main hypotheses of CBT?

  1. Access hypothesis: Recognize negative thoughts
  2. Meaning hypothesis: Process thoughts rationally
  3. Change hypothesis: Believe in recovery
• What are the techniques used in CBT?

  1. Scientific empirical disputes
  2. Guided discovery
  3. Socratic questioning
• How effective is CBT compared to antidepressants?

  Equally effective after 36 weeks
• Why might patients with severe depression struggle with CBT?

  They may lack motivation to engage
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of REBT?

  Strengths:

  • Lowest relapse rate among therapies
  • Shorter duration (12-24 sessions)

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Not suitable for realistic concerns
  • May worsen feelings of blame
• What does Utopianism refer to in REBT?

  Irrational belief that life must be fair
• What is the purpose of vigorous arguments in REBT?

  To dispute irrational beliefs
• How many sessions does REBT typically last?

  12 to 24 sessions
• What is a potential issue with REBT regarding blame?

  It may make clients feel worse