Endogenous and exogenous

• What is the primary focus of A Level Biopsychology?

  Localisation of function and biological rhythms
• What are the main brain centers involved in localisation of function?

  • Motor centers
  • Somatosensory centers
  • Visual centers
  • Auditory centers
  • Language centers (Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas)
• What is the role of the SCN in biological rhythms?

  It regulates circadian rhythms like sleep/wake cycle
• What are endogenous pacemakers?

  Internal body clocks regulating biological rhythms
• What are exogenous zeitgebers?

  External cues that affect biological rhythms
• What is melatonin's role in the sleep/wake cycle?

  Induces sleep at night, inhibited during day
• How does light influence the SCN?

  It stimulates hormone release to regulate rhythms
• What did DeCoursey et al (2000) find regarding the SCN?

  SCN damage led to loss of sleep/wake cycle
• What was the outcome of Ralph et al (1990) study on hamsters?

  Transplanted SCN cells changed sleep/wake cycle
• What are peripheral oscillators?

  • Circadian rhythms in various organs
  • Found in lungs, pancreas, and skin
  • Influenced by the SCN but act independently
• What did Damiola et al (2000) discover about feeding patterns in mice?

  Feeding patterns altered liver circadian rhythms
• Why are total isolation studies rare?

  They may reset biological clocks
• What ethical concerns arise from animal studies on the sleep/wake cycle?

  Animals may experience harm and death
• How do Arctic Circle inhabitants manage their sleep patterns?

  They maintain consistent sleep patterns year-round
• What did Campbell and Murphy (1998) find about light's effect on sleep/wake cycles?

  Light can reset the SCN and alter cycles
• What does the case of Miles et al (1977) suggest about exogenous zeitgebers?

  They may have limited effect on biological rhythms
• How does aging affect sleep quality according to Hood et al (2004)?

  Aging leads to earlier sleep and broken sleep
• How do social cues influence circadian rhythms in babies?

  Parents' schedules entrain rhythms by 16 weeks
• What strategies could help Julia's baby sleep at night?

  Use light exposure and consistent schedules
• What are the key terms related to endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeitgebers?

  • Endogenous pacemakers: internal biological clocks
  • Exogenous zeitgebers: external environmental cues
  • Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): master clock in hypothalamus
  • Melatonin: hormone regulating sleep
• What is the location of the SCN in the brain?

  Above the optic chiasm in the hypothalamus
• What is the significance of the optic nerve in relation to the SCN?

  It transmits light signals to the SCN
• What is a confounding variable in Siffre's cave study?

  Use of artificial light during the study
• What is the main criticism of the biological approach in studying EP?

  It is reductionist and overlooks other factors
• What does beta bias refer to in Siffre's study?

  Failure to account for gender differences
• What is the implication of imposed etic in animal studies?

  Findings may not apply to humans
• What is the role of cortisol in the sleep/wake cycle?

  It is stimulated by light and regulates wakefulness
• What is the typical duration of a circadian rhythm?

  Approximately 24 hours
• What is the adaptive value of endogenous pacemakers?

  They help regulate biological rhythms for survival
• How do the findings of Aschoff and Weber (1963) support Siffre's study?

  They found similar circadian rhythms without EZ
• What is the significance of the 24.9-hour rhythm found in Miles et al (1977)?

  It shows the influence of EP on rhythms
• What is the main conclusion about the interaction of EP and EZ?

  They interact and influence biological rhythms together
• What is the criticism of the deterministic view of EP?

  It denies free will in regulating rhythms
• How does the biological approach differ from the behavioral approach in explaining rhythms?

  Biological approach focuses on internal mechanisms
• What is the effect of aging on sleep patterns according to Hood et al (2004)?

  Aging leads to reduced sleep quality
• What is the role of social learning theory in sleep/wake cycles?

  It suggests social norms influence sleep patterns
• What is the implication of the findings from studies on EP and EZ for understanding sleep/wake cycles?

  They highlight the complexity of biological rhythms