Correlations

• What does correlation measure?

  Relationship between two variables
• What are the three possible results of a correlational study?

  Positive, negative, and no correlation
• What is the difference between correlation and experiments?

  • Correlation establishes relationships
  • Experiments establish cause and effect
  • Correlation has no independent variable (IV)
  • Experiments manipulate the IV
• What is a scattergram?

  A graphical display of two numerical variables
• What does a scattergram indicate?

  Strength and direction of correlation
• What does the correlation coefficient calculate?

  Strength and direction of relationship
• What does a positive sign in the correlation coefficient indicate?

  Positive direction of correlation
• What is a key advantage of correlations?

  Investigate unethical or impractical variables
• What is a major disadvantage of correlations?

  Correlation does not imply causation
• What is the third variable problem in correlations?

  Mixing up causality and correlation
• What is an example of a third variable affecting correlation?

  Growing up in a violent home
• What are the types of correlational hypotheses?

  • Two-tailed (non-directional): States a relationship exists
  • One-tailed (directional): States a positive or negative correlation
  • Null hypothesis: No correlation exists, any correlation is due to chance
• What is a two-tailed hypothesis in correlation?

  States a relationship exists between variables
• What is a one-tailed hypothesis in correlation?

  States a positive or negative correlation
• What does the null hypothesis state in correlation?

  No correlation exists between variables
• What activities are suggested for understanding correlations?

  • Complete 'A correlational crossword study'
  • Participate in 'Can you be too laid back'
• What is the homework assignment related to correlations?

  Teams assignment on correlations
• What is the purpose of a scattergram?

  To visualize relationships between co-variables
• How do correlations differ from experiments in terms of variable control?

  Correlations have no control over variables
• How can a correlation hypothesis be operationalized?

  Clearly state the relationship between co-variables
• What does a correlation coefficient range from?

  Between 0 and 1
• What does a negative correlation indicate?

  Inverse relationship between variables
• What does a zero correlation indicate?

  No relationship between variables