Inferential statistics

• What is face validity?

  It appears to measure what it claims
• How does having a dog on a lead demonstrate face validity?

  It seems to measure considerate behavior
• What does ecological validity refer to?

  Behavior reflects normal circumstances
• What does temporal validity indicate?

  Findings reflect behavior over time
• What are the lesson objectives regarding levels of measurement?

  • Describe each level of measurement
  • Give examples of each level
  • Discuss advantages and disadvantages of interval, ordinal, and nominal
• What are the four levels of measurement?

  Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
• Why is it important to recognize the level of measurement in a scenario?

  It determines the statistical test used
• What type of data is nominal data?

  Named categories
• What is an example of nominal data?

  Favorite milkshake flavors
• What is a strength of nominal data?

  Easy to analyze and calculate percentages
• What is a limitation of nominal data?

  Lacks detail and can only use mode
• What is ordinal data?

  Data ranked from lowest to highest
• What is an example of ordinal data?

  Rating scales like Likert scale
• What is a strength of ordinal data?

  Allows for comparison of data
• What is a limitation of ordinal data?

  Lacks information about precise differences
• What is interval data?

  Data on a continuous scale with equal intervals
• What is an example of interval data?

  Temperature measurements
• What is a strength of interval data?

  Enables meaningful comparisons
• What is a limitation of interval data?

  No true zero for ratio comparisons
• How can you categorize dogs into levels of measurement?

  • Nominal: Working dogs vs pets
  • Ordinal: Ranked by cuteness
  • Interval: Height in cm, weight in kg
• How would you categorize breakfast cereal preferences?

  • Likert scale ratings: Ordinal
  • Number of people preferring types: Nominal
  • Time taken to eat: Interval
• What is the process for converting ordinal data to nominal data?

  Create categories from ordinal ratings
• How can interval data be converted to ordinal data?

  Rank the data from lowest to highest
• What levels of data cannot be converted to and from each other?

  Nominal cannot be converted to interval
• What are the lesson objectives regarding statistical tests?

  • Understand parametric vs non-parametric tests
  • Explain criteria for parametric tests
  • Choose appropriate statistical tests
  • Decide significance of test results
• What is the sign test used for?

  To compare two related samples
• What is a criterion for using the sign test?

  Two related samples must be compared
• What does statistical significance indicate?

  Results are unlikely due to chance
• What happens if results are statistically significant?

  Accept the experimental hypothesis
• How do inferential statistics improve investigations?

  • Establish significance of relationships
  • Accept alternative hypothesis
  • Increase research credibility and validity
• What factors influence the choice of statistical tests?

  Hypothesis, design type, level of measurement
• What are the tests for different levels of measurement?

  • Nominal: Chi-squared
  • Ordinal: Mann Whitney U, Wilcoxon
  • Interval: Unrelated T, Related T, Pearson’s
• What are the advantages of parametric tests?

  • More powerful than non-parametric tests
  • Sensitive to data features
• What does the alternative hypothesis allow researchers to do?

  Accept the alternative hypothesis
• How does a correlation improve the understanding of relationships?

  It shows the strength of the relationship
• What are the three factors influencing the choice of statistical tests?

  • What does the Alternative Hypothesis predict?
  • What type of design is used?
  • What is the level of measurement?
• What type of data is used for Chi squared tests?

  Nominal data
• What is the main advantage of parametric tests over non-parametric tests?

  They are more powerful and robust
• What is required for data to use parametric tests?

  Data must be interval level
• What does homogeneity of variance mean in parametric tests?

  Similar dispersion in each condition's scores