Chemistry transition metals

• Where are the d-block elements located on the periodic table?

  In the middle box
• Which row of the d-block elements are the transition metals?

  The top row, from scandium to zinc
• What is the defining characteristic of a transition metal?

  They can form at least one stable ion with a partially filled or incomplete d subshell
• How many period 4 d-block elements are transition metals?

  8
• What are the two d-block elements in period 4 that are not transition metals?

  Scandium and zinc
• Why are scandium and zinc not considered transition metals?

  Because they do not form stable ions with partially filled d subshells
• What is the electron configuration of iron?

  $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^6 4s^2$
• What is the electron configuration of iron(III) ion?

  $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^5$
• What is the electron configuration of chromium?

  $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^5 4s^1$
• What is the electron configuration of copper?

  $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^10 4s^1$
• Why do chromium and copper have unusual electron configurations?

  To achieve a more stable half-filled or fully-filled d subshell
• How do transition metals lose electrons to form ions?

  They lose electrons from the 4s orbital first, then from the 3d orbital
• What are the key properties of transition metals?

  Variable oxidation states, formation of colored ions, and catalytic activity
• Why do transition metals have variable oxidation states?

  Because the 4s and 3d orbitals are close in energy, allowing electrons to be lost from either orbital
• What are the key topics covered in this video on transition metals?

  • Transition metal complexes
  • Ligands
  • Isomerism
  • Hemoglobin
  • Color
  • Vanadium
  • Catalysts (homogeneous and heterogeneous)
  • Autocatalysis
• Where are the d-block elements located on the periodic table?

  • The d-block elements are located in the middle box of the periodic table.
• Which row of the d-block elements are the transition metals?

  • The transition metals are the elements in the top row of the d-block, from scandium to zinc.
• What is the defining characteristic of a transition metal?

  • Transition metals can form at least one stable ion with a partially filled or incomplete d subshell.
• What are the two d-block elements in period 4 that are not transition metals?

  • The two d-block elements in period 4 that are not transition metals are scandium and zinc.
• Why are scandium and zinc not considered transition metals?

  • Scandium and zinc do not form stable ions with partially filled d subshells.
• How do transition metals lose electrons to form ions?

  • Transition metals lose electrons from the 4s orbital first, then from the 3d orbital.
• What are the key properties of transition metals?

  • Key properties of transition metals:
  • Variable oxidation states
  • Formation of colored ions
  • Catalytic activity
• Why do transition metals have variable oxidation states?

  • Transition metals have variable oxidation states because the 4s and 3d orbitals are close in energy, allowing electrons to be lost from either orbital.
• What is the electron configuration of vanadium?

  $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^3 4s^2$
• What is the electron configuration of iron(II) ion?

  $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^6$
• What is a significant aspect of transition metals in chemistry?

  Transition metals have variable oxidation states.
• Why do transition metals have variable oxidation states?

  Because their 4s and 3d orbitals are very close in energy.
• What types of ions do transition metals form?

  They form a variety of different ions.
• How do transition metals gain or lose electrons?

  They gain or lose electrons using a similar amount of energy from either the 3d or 4s orbitals.
• Which groups form fixed oxidation states compared to transition metals?

  Group 1 forms +1 ions and Group 2 forms +2 ions.
• Which transition metal has multiple oxidation states and colors?

  Vanadium has multiple oxidation states and colors.
• Which elements are not considered transition metals despite being d-block elements?

  Zinc and scandium are not transition elements.
• What is a property of transition metals in solution?

  They form colored ions in solution.
• What is the color of vanadium 2+ in solution?

  Vanadium 2+ is violet in solution.
• What color is vanadium 3+ in solution?

  Vanadium 3+ is green in solution.
• What color is VO2+ in solution?

  VO2+ is blue in solution.
• What color is V2+ in solution?

  V2+ is yellow in solution.
• What color is chromium 3+ in solution?

  Chromium 3+ is greenish-violet in solution.
• What color is dichromate in solution?

  Dichromate is orange in solution.
• What color is manganese 2+ in solution?

  Manganese 2+ is pink in solution.