renal system

• What is the definition of homeostasis?

  Maintenance of a stable internal environment
• What does the internal environment refer to?

  The conditions within an organism's body
• What is negative feedback in regulatory mechanisms?

  A process that counteracts changes to maintain stability
• What are the key aspects of body temperature regulation?

  • Heat production by the body
  • Heat loss by the body
  • Role of hypothalamus
  • Role of autonomic nervous system
  • Functions of arterioles and sweat glands
  • Effects of shivering
  • Implications of surface area to volume ratios
  • Role of fever
• How does the hypothalamus contribute to body temperature regulation?

  It acts as the body's thermostat
• What role do arterioles play in temperature regulation?

  They regulate blood flow to the skin
• How do sweat glands help in temperature regulation?

  They release sweat to cool the body
• What is the effect of shivering on body temperature?


  It generates heat to warm the body
• Why is surface area to volume ratio important in temperature regulation?

  It affects heat loss and retention
• What is the role of fever in body temperature regulation?

  It is a response to infection to increase temperature
• What are the key components involved in regulating blood glucose levels?

  • Role of pancreas
  • Function of liver
  • Action of insulin
  • Action of glucagon
• What is the role of the pancreas in blood glucose regulation?

  It produces insulin and glucagon
• How does the liver contribute to blood glucose levels?

  It stores and releases glucose as needed
• What is the function of insulin?

  It lowers blood glucose levels
• What is the function of glucagon?

  It raises blood glucose levels
• What are the key aspects of fluid balance in the body?

  • Water intake
  • Water output
  • Water loss
  • Role of kidneys
  • Function of renal system
• What is the role of the kidneys in fluid balance?

  They regulate water retention and loss
• What happens when homeostatic mechanisms fail?

  Conditions like hypothermia and dehydration occur
• What is hypothermia?

  Dangerously low body temperature
• What is dehydration?

  Excessive loss of body water
• What is the structure of a kidney?

  • Composed of nephrons
  • Contains renal cortex and medulla
  • Has renal pelvis
  • Involved in filtering blood and producing urine
• What is kidney failure?

  A condition where kidneys lose function
• What does chronic kidney disease (CKD) indicate?

  Kidneys are diseased, damaged, or aging
• What are possible causes of kidney failure?

  Injury, diabetes, age deterioration
• What symptoms may a person experience with kidney failure?

  Tiredness, swollen ankles, shortness of breath
• What is haemodialysis?

  A process to clean blood of waste products
• What are the main functions of the kidneys?

  • Filter waste products from blood
  • Control blood pressure
  • Maintain salt and chemical balance
• What happens without treatment for CKD?

  Build-up of toxins can cause death
• How is chronic kidney disease diagnosed?

  Through urine dipstick tests and blood tests
• What does the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measure?

  Volume of blood filtered by glomeruli
• What is creatinine?

  A breakdown product of creatine
• What does an increase in blood creatinine indicate?

  Kidneys are not filtering blood effectively
• What is the purpose of dialysis?

  To clean blood of waste products
• What must be maintained during dialysis?

  Prevent blood clotting and healthy blood pressure
• How does the frequency of dialysis change with severity of kidney failure?

  More severe failure requires more frequent dialysis
• What happens when a patient reaches stage 5 kidney failure?

  They urgently need a kidney transplant
• Where is a donated kidney placed during a transplant?

  In a different position than the non-functioning kidneys
• Who can be a kidney donor?

  A deceased person or a living relative
• What is osmoregulation?

  Maintaining fluid balance and blood pressure
• What hormone is released by the pituitary gland for fluid balance?

  Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)