BIO- UNIT 2

• What are the two types of cells to learn about?

  Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
• What is the structure of viruses?

  Contain genetic material, capsid, attachment proteins
• How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles
• What is the function of specialized cells in multicellular organisms?

  To perform a variety of functions
• What are the components of an organ system?

  A range of organs working together
• What are tissues made up of?

  Specialized cells with similar structures
• Which organisms are classified as eukaryotic?

  Animals, plants, and fungi
• What are the 10 organelles in eukaryotic cells to know?

  1. Cell-surface membrane
  2. Nucleus
  3. Mitochondria
  4. Chloroplasts
  5. Golgi apparatus and vesicles
  6. Lysosomes
  7. Ribosomes
  8. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  9. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  10. Cell wall
• What is the structure of the cell-surface membrane?

  Phospholipid bilayer with embedded molecules

  
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  Site of DNA replication and transcription
• What is the structure of the mitochondria?

  Double membrane with cristae and matrix

  
• What is the function of mitochondria?

  Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production
• What is the structure of chloroplasts?

  Double membrane with thylakoids and stroma

  
• What is the function of chloroplasts?

  Site of photosynthesis
• What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

  Folded membranes forming cisternae

  
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  Adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins

  
• What are lysosomes filled with?

  Bags of digestive enzymes
• What is the function of lysosomes?

  Hydrolyze pathogens and digest worn-out organelles
• What is the structure of ribosomes?

  Small granules made of protein and rRNA
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Site of protein synthesis
• What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?

  Folded membranes called cisternae
• What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  Protein synthesis

  
• What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  Synthesizes and stores lipids and carbohydrates

  
• What is the structure of the cell wall in plants?

  Made of microfibrils of cellulose

  
• What is the function of the cell wall?

  Provides structural strength to the cell
• What is the structure of the cell vacuole?

  Filled with fluid and surrounded by tonoplast

  
• What is the function of the cell vacuole?

  Makes cells turgid and stores sugars
• What are key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells are smaller and lack organelles
• Where is DNA found in prokaryotic cells?

  As a single circular molecule in cytoplasm
• What is the cell wall of prokaryotic cells made of?

  Murein (peptidoglycan)
• What additional features can some bacteria have?

  Plasmids, capsules, and flagella
• What is the function of plasmids in bacteria?

  Contain genes linked to survival
• What is the function of a capsule in bacteria?

  Provides protection and helps agglutinate
• What is the function of flagella in bacteria?

  Used for locomotion
• What are the characteristics of viruses?

  Non-living, acellular, contain genetic material
• What is the structure of HIV?

  Surrounded by a lipid envelope with proteins

  
• What are the methods used to study cells?

  • Microscopes
  • Cell fractionation
  • Ultracentrifugation
• What are the three key types of microscopes?

  Optical, transmission electron, scanning electron
• What is magnification in microscopy?

  How many times larger the image is
• What determines the resolution of an optical microscope?

  The wavelength of light