white collar crime

• What are the two categories of white collar crime?

  Occupational and corporate
• What is occupational crime?

  Crime committed by employees for personal gain
• What is corporate crime?

  Crime committed by employees for their organization
• Who defined white collar crime in 1949?

  Sutherland
• How did Pearce and Tombs define white collar crime in 2003?

  Illegal acts by businesses for profit
• What are examples of financial crime?

  Tax evasion, money laundering, bribery
• Who are the usual victims of financial crime?

  Companies, shareholders, taxpayers, governments
• What was the case study involving Coca Cola Enterprises UK?

  Individuals sentenced for bribing a manager
• What constitutes crimes against consumers?

  False labeling and selling unfit goods
• What was the case study involving Poly Implant Prothese?

  Illegally sold breast implants with cheap silicone
• What are examples of crimes against employees?

  Discrimination, wage violations, safety violations
• What was the case study involving a female bank worker?

  She sued for unequal pay compared to a male
• What constitutes crimes against the environment?

  Illegal pollution and toxic waste dumping
• What was the case study involving BP Deepwater Horizon?

  Explosion caused deaths and oil spill
• What does Strain Theory suggest about white collar crime?

  People resort to illegal means when legitimate goals fail
• How did Box apply Strain Theory to corporate crime?

  Companies may use illegal means to increase profits
• What did Clinard and Yeager find about law violations and financial performance?

  Companies increased violations as performance decreased
• What does Differential Association theory state?

  Crime is learned from others in social contexts
• How does a company's culture influence employee behavior?

  Culture can justify illegal means for profit
• What does Labelling Theory suggest about white collar crime?

  Working class crimes are more likely to be labeled
• How do businesses avoid being labeled for crimes?

  They can afford lawyers to avoid detection
• What do Marxists argue about white collar crime?

  It results from capitalism's profit maximization goal
• What is Box's view on capitalism and white collar crime?

  Capitalism creates a mystification of white collar crime
• What does Nelken argue about Strain Theory and Marxism?

  They may over predict white collar crime levels
• What is a limitation of capitalism as an explanation for white collar crime?

  It does not explain crime in non-profit agencies
• What did Braithwaite find about compliance with FDA laws?

  Compliance can lead to access to lucrative markets
• Why is white collar crime often invisible?

  Media coverage focuses on street crime
• What is the lack of political will regarding white collar crime?

  Politicians focus on being tough on street crime
• Why are white collar crimes often complex?

  They require extensive resources to investigate
• What is de-labelling in the context of white collar crime?

  Manipulating perceptions to avoid accountability
• Why is under-reporting a problem in white collar crime?

  Victims may be unaware they are victims