left realism

• When did Left Realism develop?

  During the 1980s and 90s
• How do Left Realists differ from Marxists?

  They are reformists, not revolutionists
• What do Left Realists believe about crime?

  It is a real problem for disadvantaged groups
• What is relative deprivation according to Lea and Young?

  Feeling deprived compared to others or expectations
• How might feelings of relative deprivation lead to crime?

  People may commit crime to obtain entitlements
• How do Left Realists view subcultures?

  As collective solutions to relative deprivation
• What do some groups do in response to relative deprivation?

  Turn to crime or religion
• What is the issue with marginalised groups?

  They lack representation and clear goals
• Why are unemployed youth considered marginalised?

  They lack unions and clear goals
• How do marginalised individuals express frustration?

  Through criminal acts
• What does Young argue about the 'golden age of capitalism'?

  It was a period of stability and security
• What changes occurred in late modernity?

  Insecurity and exclusion increased
• What does Young say about cultural inclusion and economic exclusion?

  They contribute to feelings of relative deprivation
• How does media saturation affect the poor?

  It promotes cultural inclusion despite economic exclusion
• What has been a public concern since the 90s?

  Anti-social behaviour
• What measures have governments introduced to control anti-social behaviour?

  ASBOs in 1998 and IPNAs in 2015
• What are key features of ASBOs and IPNAs?

  Blurring crime boundaries and subjective definitions
• What has Left Realism succeeded in highlighting?

  The reality of street crime and its effects
• What do interactionists criticize about Left Realism?

  Its reliance on quantitative data from surveys
• What assumption do left theorists make regarding subcultural theory?

  That there is a value consensus in society
• Why can't relative deprivation fully explain crime?

  Not everyone who feels deprived commits crime
• How can policing be made more efficient according to Left Realists?

  By involving the public in police priorities
• What has caused a loss of public support for the police?

  Military policing and lack of community trust
• What is the result of the police relying on military policing?

  It alienates communities and creates distrust
• What do Left Realists believe about crime control?

  It should involve more than just the police
• What do Left Realists argue is needed to reduce crime?

  Major structural change in society