Learning Approach Behaviourism

• What is classical conditioning?

  Learning by association (stimulus-response)
• What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

  A stimulus that naturally creates a response
• What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?

  A stimulus that produces no response
• What happens to a neutral stimulus (NS) in classical conditioning?

  It becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS)
• What is a conditioned response (CR)?

  The response produced by the conditioned stimulus (CS)
• What is the significance of Pavlov's dogs experiment?

  It demonstrated learning through stimulus-response associations
• What did Pavlov pair with food in his experiment?

  A neutral stimulus, like a bell
• What is extinction in classical conditioning?

  The CR weakens when the CS is presented without the UCS
• What is spontaneous recovery?

  The temporary reappearance of the CR after extinction
• What is generalization in classical conditioning?

  Similar stimuli can trigger the CR
• What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

  The ability to differentiate between the CS and similar stimuli
• What is operant conditioning?

  Learning by consequences
• What is positive reinforcement?

  The addition of a positive outcome after a behavior
• What is negative reinforcement?

  Strengthening a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus
• What is punishment in operant conditioning?

  An unpleasant consequence following a behavior
• What did Skinner's research with rats demonstrate?

  Learning through positive and negative reinforcement
• What is the significance of token economies?

  They reward desirable behavior with tokens for privileges
• What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

  Classical is involuntary; operant is voluntary
• What are the strengths of classical conditioning?

  • Demonstrated learning by association
  • Investigated experimentally with non-human participants
  • Provided theories and laws of learning
  • Led to therapies for phobias and addictions
• What are the limitations of classical conditioning?

  • Difficulties in extrapolating from animals to humans
  • Many human behaviors are voluntary
  • Ignores cognitive and biological factors
• What are the strengths of operant conditioning?

  • Provided theories and laws of learning
  • Raised the scientific status of psychology
  • Contributed to treatments like token economies
  • Used in schools to encourage desirable behaviors
• What are the limitations of operant conditioning?

  • Difficulties in extrapolating from animals to humans
  • Ignores cognitive and biological factors
• What are the similarities between classical and operant conditioning?

  • Both involve associations between behavior and environment
  • Both focus on observable behaviors
  • Both use scientific methods like lab experiments
  • Both accept animal studies in research
• What does environmental determinism suggest in behaviorism?

  All behavior is determined by past experiences
• What is the definition of operant conditioning?

  Learning by consequences
• What are the two types of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

  Positive and negative reinforcement
• What happens to behaviors that are punished?

  They are less likely to be repeated
• What does positive reinforcement do to behavior?

  It increases the likelihood the behavior is repeated
• What does negative reinforcement refer to?

  Avoiding an unpleasant stimulus
• What does punishment do to behavior?

  It decreases the likelihood a behavior will be repeated
• What is the role of scientific methods in behaviorism?

  They enhance the scientific status of psychology
• What is the purpose of the recap sentences in the study material?

  To summarize key concepts of conditioning
• What are the exam practice questions asking for?

  Describe and evaluate the behaviorist approach
• What are the A01 marks in the exam question about the behaviorist approach?

  Marks for knowledge and understanding
• What are the A02 marks in the exam question about the behaviorist approach?

  Marks for application of knowledge
• What are the A03 marks in the exam question about the behaviorist approach?

  Marks for evaluation and critical analysis
• What are the key terms used in classical conditioning?

  • UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus
  • NS: Neutral Stimulus
  • UCR: Unconditioned Response
  • CS: Conditioned Stimulus
  • CR: Conditioned Response
• What are the key terms used in operant conditioning?

  • Positive Reinforcement
  • Negative Reinforcement
  • Punishment