approaches

• Who is considered the father of experimental psychology?

  Wilhelm Wundt
• What did Wundt establish in Germany in the 1870s?

  The world's first psychological laboratory
• What was the significance of Wundt's use of controlled empirical research?

  It established psychology as a scientific field
• What experimental technique did Wundt use in his research?

  Introspection
• What were participants trained to do in Wundt's introspection method?

  Report conscious experiences objectively
• How did Wundt's work influence subsequent scientific psychologists?

  It inspired controlled experimental methods
• What is a criticism of Wundt's introspective methods?

  They are considered subjective and unreliable
• What did behaviorists reject in their study of psychology?

  The study of internal mental states
• What is classical conditioning according to Pavlov?

  Learning by association
• What are the two types of stimuli used in Pavlov's research?

  Neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
• What was the procedure in Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment?

  Pairing the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus
• What did Pavlov's findings demonstrate about dogs?

  They learned an association between stimuli
• What is operant conditioning according to Skinner?

  Learning through reinforcement and punishment
• What did Skinner use in his research to study behavior?

  The Skinner box
• What is positive reinforcement in Skinner's research?

  Adding a pleasant stimulus to encourage behavior
• What happens during extinction in operant conditioning?

  The behavior stops when reinforcement ceases
• What is a criticism of Pavlov and Skinner's research methods?

  Findings may not generalize to humans
• What is vicarious reinforcement in social learning theory?

  Learning by observing others being rewarded
• Who conducted the Bobo doll study?

  Albert Bandura
• What was the main finding of the Bobo doll study?

  Children imitated aggressive behavior
• What is a limitation of the Bobo doll study's ecological validity?

  Lab aggression may not reflect real life
• What does the cognitive approach study?

  Internal mental processes
• What are schemas in cognitive psychology?

  Mental frameworks built from experience
• How do schemas affect memory?

  They can lead to inaccuracies and biases
• What is a criticism of the computer model of the mind?

  It oversimplifies human cognitive processes
• What does cognitive neuroscience study?

  The brain structures linked to mental processes
• What is the role of neurotransmitters in behavior?

  They enable communication between neurons
• What is the significance of the adrenal gland?

  It releases adrenaline for fight or flight
• How do genes influence behavior?

  They determine brain and neuron function
• What is the concept of diathesis-stress in psychology?

  Interaction of biological and environmental factors
• What is Freud's tripartite structure of personality?

  ID, ego, and superego
• What is the role of the ego in Freud's theory?

  It mediates between the id and superego
• What is a defense mechanism according to Freud?

  Strategies to manage unconscious conflicts
• What happens during the oral stage of Freud's psychosexual stages?

  Children derive pleasure from breastfeeding
• What is self-actualization in humanistic psychology?

  Realizing one's full potential
• What is the significance of congruence in Rogers' theory?

  It aligns self-image with ideal self
• What is a criticism of humanistic psychology?

  It lacks empirical evidence for claims
• How has Maslow's hierarchy of needs been applied practically?

  To improve performance and motivation
• What is a potential cultural bias in humanistic psychology?

  It emphasizes Western individualism
• What is the role of the therapist in Rogers' client-centered therapy?

  To provide unconditional positive regard