Reaction pathways

• What are the 3 main reactions of alkenes?

  Hydrogenation

  Hydration

  Halogenation
• What are the hydrogenation conditions?

  • Nickel catalyst
  • addition of H2
• What are the conditions of Hydration ?

  • H2O (steam)
  • H3PO4 catalyst
• What is the mechanism for Halogenation?

  • electrophilic addition
• What is the order of carbocation stability ?

  • 3 ( most stable)
  • 2
  • 1
• What are the 3 main reactions of alcohols?

  • Oxidation
  • Dehydration
  • Substitution
• What are the conditions for oxidation of alcohols?

  • K2Cr2O7
  • H2SO4
• What colour is K2Cr2O7 ?

  • orange
• What is the colour change of K2Cr2O7 when oxidised?

  • orange to green
  • as Cr3+ is green
• What forms when a primary alcohol is oxidised using distillation?

  • An aldehyde
• What forms when a primary alcohol is oxidised when heated under reflux?

  • A carboxylic acid
• What forms when you oxidise a secondary alcohol + heat it under reflux?

  • A ketone
• What product forms when you oxidise a tertiary alcohol?

  • no product
  • as tertiary alcohol lacks the necessary hydrogen to form a carbonyl group + carbon already has 4 bonds can't have 5
• What are the conditions for dehydration of alcohols?

  • heat under reflux
  • concentrated acid catalyst ( H2SO4 or H3PO4)
• What are the conditions of substitution of alcohols?

  • heat under reflux
  • with H2SO4 + NaX (x= halide)
• What are the conditions of haloalkane to alcohol?

  • Hydrolysis
  • NaOH
  • Heat under reflux
• what is the mechanism for conversion of a haloalkane to an alcohol?

  • Nucleophilic substitution
• Is the conversion from a haloalkane to an alcohol a hydrolysis or reduction reaction?

  • Hydrolysis
• What are the reagents for the conversion of haloalkane to alcohol?

  • NaOH
  • heat under reflux
• Is the conversion from an aldehyde to an alcohol a reduction or hydrolysis reaction?

  • Reduction
• What are the conditions for converting an aldehyde to an alcohol?

  • NaBH4
  • H2O
• What is the reducing agent used in the reduction of an aldehyde to an alcohol?

  • NaBH4
• What is the mechanism for the conversion of an aldehyde to an alcohol?

  • Nucleophilic addition
• What are the reagents for the conversion of a ketone to a secondary alcohol?

  • NaBH4
  • H2O
• What is the mechanism used for the conversion of a ketone to a secondary alcohol?

  • Nucleophilic addition
• What is the mechanism for forming a hydroxynitrile?

  • Nucleophilic addition
• What are the reagents to form hydroxynitriles?

  • NaCN
  • H2SO4
• what do you go from to form a hydroxynitrile?

  • Aldehyde
  • Ketone
• What does Acid + metal form?

  • salt + hydrogen
• Acid + base/alkali =

  • salt + water
• Acid + carbonate =

  • salt + H2O + CO2
• What is the reaction for carboxylic acids called?

  • esterification
• What are the reagents for esterification

  • concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
  • Warm solution
• What do you form from carboxylic acid + alcohol =

  • Ester + H2O