Social influence

• What are the three levels/types of conformity according to Kelman (1958)?

  Compliance, Identification, Internalisation
• What is compliance in terms of conformity?

  Temporary behavior change to fit in
• What drives compliance according to the study material?

  Normative Social Influence (NSI)
• What is the main characteristic of identification in conformity?

  Behavior changes only in group settings
• What is internalisation in terms of conformity?

  Genuine change of personal opinions
• What is Normative Social Influence (NSI)?

  Desire to be liked and avoid rejection
• What is Informational Social Influence (ISI)?

  Desire to be correct and seek guidance
• What was the main task in Asch's (1951) experiment?

  Line judgment task
• How many confederates were involved in Asch's line judgment task?

  8 to 10 male college students
• What was the overall conformity rate in Asch's critical trials?

  32%
• What percentage of participants conformed all 12 times in Asch's study?

  5%
• How did group size affect conformity in Asch's experiment?

  Increased confederates raised conformity rates
• What was the conformity rate with three confederates in Asch's study?

  33%
• What effect did breaking the group's unanimity have on conformity rates?

  Conformity dropped to 5.5%
• How did task difficulty influence conformity in Asch's study?

  Increased ambiguity raised conformity rates
• What are the types of conformity according to Kelman (1958)?

  • Compliance: Shallow, temporary behavior change
  • Identification: Intermediate, behavior changes with group
  • Internalisation: Deep, permanent opinion change
• What are the explanations for conformity?

  • Normative Social Influence (NSI): Desire to be liked, temporary change
  • Informational Social Influence (ISI): Desire to be correct, permanent change
• What variables affect conformity according to Asch's study?

  • Group size: More confederates increase conformity
  • Unanimity: Social support reduces conformity
  • Task difficulty: Ambiguity increases conformity
• What percentage of participants conformed at least once in Asch's original research?

  75%
• Why did participants conform in Asch's study?

  To avoid discomfort of standing out
• What happened to the conformity rate when participants could write down responses privately?

  It dropped to 12.5%
• How did task difficulty affect conformity in Asch's study?

  Increased ambiguity led to higher conformity
• What challenge exists in separating NSI and ISI influences on conformity?

  Participants may not know their true motivations
• In real-life situations, what influences might individuals seek simultaneously?

  Accurate information and social approval
• What type of experiment was Asch's study classified as?

  Lab experiment
• What did Perrin and Spencer (1981) suggest about Asch's work?

  It lacks temporal validity
• How many trials of conformity did Perrin and Spencer find in their replication?

  1 trial
• What did Bond's meta-analysis reveal about conformity in collectivist cultures?

  Higher rates of conformity than individualistic cultures
• Why does Asch's task lack mundane realism?

  It involves a simple task unlike real interactions
• Who do people typically conform with in real life?

  People they know
• What are the key evaluations of Asch's research on conformity?

  • Supports NSI with 75% conformity
  • Private responses reduce conformity to 12.5%
  • Task difficulty increases ambiguity and conformity
  • Difficulty separating NSI and ISI influences
  • High internal validity due to controlled conditions
  • Lacks temporal validity (Perrin and Spencer)
  • Higher conformity in collectivist cultures (Bond)
  • Lacks mundane realism; simple task
• Where was the fake prison created for the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  Basement of Stanford University
• How many male students participated in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  24 male students
• What criteria were used to select participants for the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  Physically and mentally stable volunteers
• How were roles assigned to participants in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  Random allocation of guards and prisoners
• What procedures were prisoners subjected to upon arrival in the experiment?

  Arrested, fingerprinted, stripped, deloused
• What items were given to guards to establish authority?

  Uniform, clubs, handcuffs, sunglasses
• What role did Zimbardo play in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  Prison superintendent and lead investigator
• What behavior did participants exhibit in response to their assigned roles?

  Quickly adapted to their assigned social roles
• What signs did prisoners show during the experiment?

  Signs of stress after initial resistance