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Biology
Unit 2 Multicellular Organisms
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Cards (102)
What is mitosis?
Mitosis is the process of
cell division
.
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Why is mitosis important?
It provides new cells for
growth
and repair and maintains the
diploid
chromosome complement.
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How many chromosomes are present in a human cell?
There are
46
chromosomes in a
human cell
.
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How many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after mitosis?
Each daughter cell will have
46
chromosomes.
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What are the main stages of mitosis?
Chromosomes
replicate and become visible as two
chromatids
.
The nucleus breaks down.
Chromosomes line up along the
equator
, and
spindle fibres
attach.
Spindle fibres pull chromatids apart to opposite ends of the cell.
Separated chromatids become chromosomes, and nuclear membranes form.
The cytoplasm splits, resulting in two daughter cells.
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What are stem cells in animals?
Stem cells are
unspecialised
cells that can divide to make more stem cells.
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What potential do stem cells have?
They have the potential to become different types of cells, such as
skin
or
muscle cells
.
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Where can stem cells be obtained from?
Stem cells can be obtained from the
embryo
at a very early stage.
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What is specialisation in the context of stem cells?
Specialisation is when a stem cell becomes a
specific
type of cell.
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How are cells organized in multicellular organisms?
Cells make up
tissues
, which are groups of cells carrying out similar functions.
Different tissues come together to form
organs
.
Organs work together to form
systems
.
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What is the nervous system made up of?
The nervous system is made up of the
brain
,
spinal cord
, and
nerves
.
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What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?
The CNS consists of the
brain
and
spinal cord
.
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What are the functions of the different regions of the brain?
Cerebrum
: personality, logic, intelligence, memories
Cerebellum
: balance and coordination
Medulla
: breathing and heart rate
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What are the three types of nerve cells in the nervous system?
The three types of nerve cells are
sensory
,
inter
, and motor neurons.
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How do sensory neurons function in the nervous system?
Sensory neurons pass information to
inter neurons
in the
CNS
.
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What role do inter neurons play in the nervous system?
Inter neurons process information in the CNS and pass it to motor neurons.
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What do motor neurons do in the nervous system?
Motor neurons enable a response to occur at an
effector
, such as a muscle or gland.
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How do messages travel along neurons?
Messages travel along neurons as electrical impulses.
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What are neurotransmitters?
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transfer messages between neurons at synapses.
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What is the arrangement of neurons called?
The arrangement of neurons is called a
reflex arc
.
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What are reflexes?
Reflexes are rapid,
automatic
responses that protect the body from harm.
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Can you give examples of reflex actions?
Examples of reflex actions include
sneezing
,
coughing
, and
blinking
.
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What do endocrine glands release?
Endocrine glands release
hormones
into the bloodstream.
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What are hormones?
Hormones are
chemical messengers
.
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What is a target tissue?
A target tissue has cells with
complementary
receptor proteins
for specific
hormones
.
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Which hormones regulate blood glucose concentration?
Insulin
and
glucagon
regulate blood glucose concentration.
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Where are insulin and glucagon released from?
Both hormones are released from the
pancreas
.
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When is insulin released?
Insulin is released when the blood glucose concentration rises.
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What does insulin instruct the liver to do?
Insulin instructs the liver to take up excess
glucose
and store it as glycogen.
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When is glucagon released?
Glucagon is released when the blood
glucose
concentration falls.
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What does glucagon instruct the liver to do?
Glucagon instructs the liver to break
glycogen
down into glucose and put it back into the blood.
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What are the lungs primarily used for?
Gas exchange
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What do alveoli provide for gas exchange?
A large
surface area
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How do oxygen and carbon dioxide move in the lungs?
Through thin
alveolar
walls
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Where does oxygen move from and to?
From
lungs
to
blood
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Where does carbon dioxide move from and to?
From
blood
to
lungs
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What is the role of the small intestine?
Absorbing
nutrients
from food
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What structures in the small intestine absorb nutrients?
Villi
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What do the thin-walled villi provide?
A large
surface area
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What do villi contain to absorb nutrients?
A network of
capillaries
and
lacteals
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