KONSAY REVIEWER 2

• What are the bounds of competence?

  psychologists must be trained with CEs, supervised experiences, then they are deemed competent
• What is involved with multicultural or cultural competence?

  now one new aspect of competence, all APA approved grad programs now require multicultural training
• What is involved with privacy and confidentiality?

  psychologists do their best to maintain confidentiality and let clients know the limits of that confidentiality

  -psychologists release information only to those with a legal right to it, or with the consent of the client
• What happened in the Tarasoff Case?

  -1969, a male student at UC Berkley confided to his psychologist at the counseling center

  -student expressed he wanted to kill woman who turned him down

  -appeared rational after being reported to the police by the psychologist so they let him go

  -boss at Counseling Center said no more police action should be taken

  -no one contacted Tatiana Tarasoff or her family

  -two months later, he murdered Tatiana
• What was the Tarasoff decision?

  -conflict between confidentiality and the value of safety

  -"Duty to warn" is an ethical responsibility

  
  

  -California Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Tarasoff family

  -Protective privilege ends where the public peril begins, the patient's right to confidentiality ends when there appears to be a "clear and immediate probability of physical harm to the patient or to the other individuals

  -the person warned can be the potential victim, family member, or law enforcement
• Do you have to report actual/suspected child abuse?

  • YES
  • must be reported in every state, though laws vary on whether or not a perp must be reported if the child is not judged to be in physical danger
• Do you have to report on the known sexual activity of someone?

  -law varies-if they have HIV/AIDS or another communicable disease that could be life threatening, then yes!
• What are the ethical policies when determining fees?

  -no rebates for referrals of service-no waiving copayments, they are legally binding and to do so would be committing insurance fraud-can sest up sliding scales for poor or uninsured clients, many view this as a similar obligation to pro bono services
• What are some important factors when it comes to INFORMED CONSENT?

  -the client has a right to know HOW YOU PRACTICE (theories, philosophies, competencies, counseling practices and types of problems you deal with)

  -include your STATEMENT OF ETHICS and what your LIMITS OF CONFIDENTIALITY are as a counselor

  -may contain your FEE schedule and exceptions to that schedule
• What are some ethical restrictions in regards to advertising?

  -psychologists do not use TESTIMONIALS

  -do not advertise on TELEVISION, use a phone book for list of names and services offered

  -could infringe of confidentiality
• When is it in the best interest to the therapist to terminate a case?

  -when it becomes clear that the client is no longer needing services

  -the client is not likely to receive any further benefits

  -the client is likely to be harmed by the service

  -when the therapist feels threatened or endangered by either the client or a significant other of the client
• What does the ethical code state about psychological testing?

  -tests must be shown to be valid for the population they are used with

  -psychologists do not make protected tests available to the general public

  -psychologists who administer the test make sure they are properly interpreted

  make sure the level of test being given matches the therapist's level of education and licensure
• Who can give a level A test and what kind of testing does it entail?

  • non-psychologists who have read the test manual and are familiar with the test and its purpose
  • educational achievement tests
• 
  

  Who can give a level B test and what kind of testing does it entail?

  • technical knowledge of the test construction and validation procedures
  • degree in psychology or substantial psychology coursework
  • vocational interest inventories and "normal personality" measures
• Who can give a level C test and what kind of testing does it entail?

  -require an advanced degree profession and training in that specific test

  -intelligence tests and personality tests like MMPI
• Why was truthfulness and candor added to the Ethical Guidelines?

  because attorneys often asked psychologists to report only the test information favorable to their case. this is unethical, the psychologist must report the results in full
• What kind of things can happen that would make you lose your license?

  -felony conviction

  -threat to the public (third bar fight)

  -Sexual misconduct (most often filed ethical complaint)

  -Impairment

  -Practicing outside bounds the competence

  -dual relationships

  -repeat violations
• What two things is the development of psycholgy based on?

  1. psychology being recognized as an independent discipline in academics
  2. inability of other professions to deal with mentally ill (deviants)
• How were mentally ill people viewed up until the mid-19th century?

  • viewed as possessed by demons
  • locked up in asylums that were worse than prisons
  • usually permanent and inhumane since mental illness was seen as a permanent problem
• Who influenced the American mental health movement?

  Lightner Witmer

  • first psychological clinic at UPenn to treat children with behavioral and learning problems
  • focused on strengths to aid recovery and treatment (hygiology)
  • everyone has an asset
  • led to the first major theme (emphasis on assets and strengths)
• History of the second theme: person/environment interaction

  • Army Alpha and Army Beta tests were the first group intelligence tests to place recruits in WWI
  • Robert Woodworth's personal data sheet, first personality test used to screen mentally ill from military
  • 1927 first measure of vocational interests
  • 1935, behavior is a function of understanding both person and environment, Lewin said we must measure environments
• What is the third theme (education and career) focused on?

  • directly related to psychometrics movement, measure individual differences
• What is the Vocational Guidance Movement?

  • Frank Parsons (1909) Choosing a Vocation
  • 3 step process
  • knowledge of oneself
  • knowledge of world of work
  • a process of true reasoning to match the two
  • incorporated the psychological tradition of including information on aptitudes, abilities, and interests
• When did career and vocational psychology grow?

  • grew during the Depression
  • able to provide insights when no other professions could help people with a person
  • environment match
  • World War II, tried to place recruits in specialties which maximized the use of their abilities
• Who was an advocate for the fourth theme (brief interactions) and why?

  • E.G. Williamson (1930s)
  • more people coming to college and having mental health issues led to development of university counseling centers
  • struggled with what they exactly want to do
  • needed with a large number of vets coming back to college with the GI Bill in place
• What is involved with the fifth theme (intact personalities)?

  • developmental stage models inspired attention to normal developmental stages that we all go through
  • opposite of a focus on pathology
• 1940s in counseling psychology

  • impact of WWII, realization that we needed both a science and practice of treatment of people with life problems
• What is the Division of Counseling Guidance (1946)

  the division of the APA for counseling psychology, established counseling as a separate entity
• Northwestern Conference (1951)

  core requirements for a PhD in counseling psychology

  • VA's starting hiring counseling psychology
  • proposed training standards for practicum and research
  • defined roles and functions
• What did the Division's name change to in 1952?

  Counseling Psychology
• What new empirical journey was established in the 1950s?

  • Journal of Counseling Psychology
  • more subscribers than any other APA-published journal
• What mental illness began the use of psychotropic medications and when?

  schizophrenia, 1952
• What led to the deinstitutionalization of many formerly hospitalized patients?

  anti-psychotic and mood medications
• What percentage of the homeless are mentally ill?

  • 25-50%
• What were some of the notable accomplishments in the 1960s/1970s in counseling psychology?

  • career psychology emerged
  • increased training of counselors
  • integration of culture and feminist thoughts and ideas stemming from the Civil Rights Movement
  • only after 2010 was it a required part of curriculum to have multi-cultural training
• What handbook was published in the 1980s? (1984 specifically)

  • Handbook of Counseling Psychology by Brown & Lent
• What were three notable events in counseling psychology upon entering the 1990s?

  • now complete acceptance of important of DIVERSITY in profession (counseling psychs are the go-to on diversity!)
  • emergence of MANAGED CARE issues (insurance capped number of sessions, capped fees per session)
  • increasing utilization of PSYCHOTROPIC MEDS
• Now in the 2000s, what does the scientist-practitioner model entail?

  • graduate students in counseling psychology must master both research methods and psychological treatments
• Counseling psychology is the most broadly focused division in terms of DIVERSITY regarding gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and disability
• What is the new challenge of counseling psychology?

  • globalization of counseling psychology
  • ex.) examples of the establishment of college counseling centers in other countries, career development programs for other countries