Attention: Eye-tracking

• What is an endogenous cue in eye-tracking?

  Appears in the center of visual field
• How do exogenous cues differ from endogenous cues?

  Exogenous cues appear in the periphery
• What are valid cues in eye-tracking?

  Cues appearing ipsilateral to the target
• What is the reaction time difference between valid and invalid cues?

  Faster for valid cues than invalid cues
• What happens to reaction time if the delay between cue and object increases?

  Faster for invalid cue than valid cue
• What is the Simon effect?

  Difference in reaction time based on side
• How does consistent representation affect response time?

  Faster to respond to consistent representations
• What is the impact of incompatibilities on attention?

  They tax the attention system
• What characterizes an automatic process?

  Instigated without conscious effort
• What is a controlled process?

  Voluntarily undertaken to meet a goal
• How can automatic processes interfere with controlled processes?

  They can disrupt voluntary attention tasks
• What are the components of Treisman & Broadbent's models of attention?

  Sensory buffer and selective filter are automatic
• What does feature integration theory explain?

  Separating features and identifying elements
• What is the role of attention in combining features?

  Requires a lot of cognitive work/resources
• What is the Stroop task designed to demonstrate?

  Difficulty in suppressing automatic reading
• Why is reading considered an automatic process?

  It is highly practiced and effortless
• What does the Stroop task highlight about automatic processing?

  It can interfere with controlled processing
• How can controlled processes become automatic?

  With enough practice over time
• What is the role of attention in perception?

  Attention is necessary for perception
• What is inattentional blindness?

  Failure to notice unexpected stimuli
• How does attention act as a filter?

  It selects relevant information for processing
• What does attention as a spotlight mean?

  It highlights specific areas of focus
• How can attention be cued?

  By exogenous and endogenous stimuli
• What is inhibition of return?

  Facilitates visual search by reducing attention
• What is required to attend to multiple features at once?

  High cognitive resources are needed
• What is the cornea's primary role?

  Bend light entering the eye
• How much of the eye's focusing power does the cornea provide?

  About 70-80%
• What does the pupil control?

  Amount of light entering the eye
• How does the lens assist in vision?

  Focuses light onto the retina
• What is accommodation in relation to the lens?

  Changing shape to focus on distances
• What do ciliary muscles do?

  Control the shape of the lens
• How do ciliary muscles help with focusing?

  Contract to thicken lens for nearby objects
• What is the retina's function?

  Captures light and converts it to signals
• What are rods responsible for?

  Vision in low-light conditions
• What do cones detect?

  Color vision and fine detail
• What is the fovea responsible for?

  Sharp central vision
• Why does the fovea provide the clearest vision?

  High density of cones present
• How many pixels can the fovea focus on?

  Equivalent of 7,000 pixels
• What is the visual process sequence?

  Cornea -> pupil -> lens -> retina
• What happens to an object projected onto the retina?

  It is inverted before reaching the brain