Key

• What is respiration?


  The chemical reactions that happens in every cell to release energy in the form of ATP
• What is ventilation?


  The scientific term for breathing
• Respiration equation


  C6H12O6+ 602+ 6CO2+ 6H20

  Glucose+ oxygen—> carbon dioxide+ water
• What is photosynthesis?


  The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose
• Photo synthesis equation


  Carbon dioxide+ water__> glucose + oxygen

  6CO2+ 6H2O—> C6H12O6+ 6O2
• What is aerobic respiration?

  The process by which cells convert glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP).- presence of oxygen.
• What is anaerobic respiration?

  A process of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen.
• Aerobic respiration equation


  Glucose+ oxygen—> carbon dioxide+water+energy

  C6H12O6+ 6O2–> 6CO2+ 6H2O+ ATP
• Anaerobic equation


  Glucose—>lactic acid+ energy

  C6H12O6–>2C3H6O3+ ATP
• What does ATP do?

  It is often described as the energy ‘currency’ of the cell. It transfers energy between the processes that release it (respiration) and the processes in a cell that use it up.
• 1-6=acidic

  8-14=alkaline

  7=neutral

  
• Hydrogen carbonate indicator


  Yellow= high CO2

  Orange= atmospheric CO2 level

  Purple= low CO2
• Limiting factors

  factor in a reaction which is in the shortest and a lack of this factor is the reason why the rate of reaction no longer increases.
• Peristalsis

  muscular contractions push the bolus of food down the oesophagus
• ATP

  cell division.

  muscle contraction.

  active transport.

  to build up large molecules from small ones.
• Oxygen debt

  oxygen required to break down lactate in muscles.
• anaerobic respiration

  1. muscles cells
  2. yeast
• What does yeast break down?

  glucose into ethanal + carbon dioxide.
• Respiratory System

  trachea (wind pipe)

  trachea branches to form two bronchi

  branches more to form bronchioles

  ends in air sacs (alveoli)
• bronchi and bronchioles clean

  presence of the goblet cell and ciliated cell.
• goblet cell

  secretes mucus- the mucus traps pathogens.
• Ciliated cell

  hair-like structures which waft the bacteria ladened mucus out of the lungs.
• during inhalation...

  external intercostal muscles contract.

  ribs- up and out.

  diaphragm contracts- flattens.

  increased volume in thorax, decreased pressure

  air is sucked into the lungs.
• during exhalation

  internal intercostal muscles contract.

  ribs move down and in.

  diaphragm relaxes- returns to dome shape.

  reduces the volume inside the thorax, pressure increases.

  air is forced out of lungs.
• Adaptations of alveoli

  large surface area

  thin for a short diffusion distance

  moist- helps the gases to dissolve.
• xylem structure

  dead cells- no organelles obstructing the flow of water

  ligning- reinforce water further.
• Phloem

  sieve plates (tubes)

  companion cells- contain lots of mitochondria so they can release energy- the sugar can be actively transported in and out of phloem.
• plasma

  transporting cells and nutrients around the body- glucose, amino acid, hormones, carbon dioxide.
• Red blood cells

  transporting oxygen around the body.

  biconcave disc- large surface area: volume ratio.

  no nucleus- provides more space for oxygen.
• red blood cells 2

  important pigment- haemoglobin- binds to oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin.
• prevention against disease

  Skin acts as a barrier

  Hydrochloric acid in the stomach destroys pathogens.

  eye lashes and tears- prevent pathogens from entering.
• How is our heart rate increased?

  Adrenaline increases heart rate

  when we exercise, muscle produces CO2

  Receptors in aorta and carotid artery detect increase in CO2

  Electrical impulses sent to medulla

  accelerator nerve raises heart rate- more O2 delivered to muscles, more CO2 released.
• homeostasis

  the maintenance of a steady internal environment.
• Arteries- thick walls- lots of muscle fibre and elastic tissue.

  Carry blood away from the heart, to the organs.

  generally carry oxygenated blood- not all (pulmonary artery)

  blood is under high pressure- wall needs to stretch and recoil.

  small lumen.
• Veins- thin walls with little muscle and elastic tissue.

  carry blood from the organs back to the heart.

  under low pressure.

  large lumen- allows blood to flow without resistance.

  Generally carries deoxygenated blood.

  valves to prevent the back flow of blood.
• Capillaries

  Carry blood to individual cells

  permeable- allows O2 to diffuse out, CO2 to diffuse in.

  walls are one cell thick- allows exchange of materials- much quicker.
• Tropism

  Phototropism- a plant's response to light.

  geotropism- a plant's response to gravity.
• Sexual reproduction in plants

  pollen lands on stigma

  pollen tube grows down style in ovary

  Male gamete (pollen) diffuses with female gamete (egg)

  ovule becomes seed

  ovule wall becomes seed coat

  ovary becomes fruit, with the seeds placed internally.
• fertilisation

  joining of egg and sperm
• male

  anther- contains the pollen grains (male gamete)

  filament- holds/positions the anther.