B1 (Cell Biology)

• What are the building blocks of every organism?

  Cells
• What are the two main types of organisms based on cell structure?

  Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• What type of cells are Eukaryotic cells?

  Complex cells
• What organisms are made up of Eukaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotes
• What is a prokaryote?

  A single-celled organism
• What are the main subcellular structures in animal cells?

  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
• What does the nucleus contain?

  Genetic material
• What is the function of the cytoplasm?

  Site for chemical reactions
• What is the role of the cell membrane?

  Controls what goes in and out
• Where do aerobic respiration reactions take place?

  In the mitochondria
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Protein synthesis
• What additional structures do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

  • Rigid cell wall
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
• What is the function of the rigid cell wall in plant cells?

  Supports and strengthens the cell
• What is contained in a permanent vacuole?

  Cell sap, a weak sugar and salt solution
• What is the role of chloroplasts?

  Photosynthesis
• What type of cells are bacteria?

  Prokaryotic cells
• What do chloroplasts contain that is essential for photosynthesis?

  Chlorophyll
• What do bacterial cells lack compared to eukaryotic cells?

  Chloroplasts and mitochondria
• What is the structure of DNA in bacterial cells?

  A single circular strand
• What are plasmids?

  Small rings of DNA in bacteria
• What are the two main types of microscopes and their uses?

  • Light microscopes: Use light to magnify specimens
  • Electron microscopes: Use electrons for higher magnification and resolution
• What do light microscopes allow us to see?

  Individual cells and large structures
• What is the advantage of electron microscopes over light microscopes?

  Higher magnification and resolution
• What is resolution in microscopy?

  Ability to distinguish between two points
• What can electron microscopes help us see in detail?

  Internal structures of organelles
• How do you calculate magnification?

  • Formula: magnification = image size / real size
  • Rearrange to find real or image size
• If a specimen is 50 µm wide and magnified ×100, what is the image size?

  5000 µm
• What is the real size of an onion cell if its image is 7.5 mm wide under ×100 magnification?

  0.075 mm
• What is standard form and why is it used in microscopy?

  • A way to express very large or small numbers
  • Makes numbers more manageable for calculations
• How is the number 0.0017 expressed in standard form?

  1.7 × 10⁻³
• How do you convert a number to standard form?

  Move the decimal point and count places
• What is the standard form of 0.0025 mm?

  2.5 × 10⁻³
• What are the steps to prepare a slide for microscopy?

  1. Add a drop of water
  2. Place specimen in water
  3. Add stain (iodine)
  4. Cover with a cover slip
• What are the steps to use a light microscope?

  1. Clip slide onto stage
  2. Select lowest-powered lens
  3. Adjust stage with coarse knob
  4. Focus with fine adjustment knob
• What should you include when drawing observations from a microscope?

  • Clear, unbroken lines
  • Title and magnification
  • Labels for important features
• What is differentiation in cells?

  • Process of cells changing to specialize
  • Allows specific functions to be performed
• What happens to most animal cells after differentiation?

  They lose the ability to differentiate
• What are stem cells?

  Undifferentiated cells that can specialize
• What is the function of sperm cells?

  To deliver male DNA to female DNA
• How are nerve cells specialized for their function?

  They are long and branched for signaling