Endo

• What does the endocrine system consist of?

  Ductless glands secreting hormones
• Name three glands included in the endocrine system.

  Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid
• Where is the hypothalamus located?

  In the brain, inferior to thalamus
• What is the major role of the hypothalamus?

  Integrates nervous and endocrine systems
• How many hormones does the hypothalamus synthesize?

  At least 9 different hormones
• What do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate?

  Growth, development, metabolism, homeostasis
• What is another name for the pituitary gland?

  Hypophysis
• What is the size of the pituitary gland?

  About the size of a pea
• Where is the pituitary gland located?

  In the brain, in the sella turcica
• What lies posterior to the optic chiasm?

  The pituitary gland
• How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland?

  By the infundibulum
• What percentage of the pituitary gland is the anterior pituitary gland?

  70%
• What does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

  6 hormones
• What are the three regions of the anterior pituitary gland?

  1. Anterior lobe (pars distalis)
  2. Pars tuberalis (pars infundibularis)
  3. Intermediate lobe (pars intermedia)
• Why is the pituitary gland referred to as the 'master gland'?

  It controls other endocrine glands
• What controls the pituitary gland?

  The hypothalamus
• What are the two divisions of the pituitary gland?

  1. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
  2. Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
• What does the posterior pituitary gland do?

  Stores and releases hormones
• Which hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

  ADH and oxytocin
• What are the three regions of the posterior pituitary gland?

  1. Median eminence
  2. Pituitary stalk/infundibulum
  3. Posterior lobe (pars nervosa)
• What is the function of the median eminence?

  Proximal portion attached to hypothalamus
• What are Herring bodies?

  Basophilic aggregations of secretory granules
• What is the main function of pinealocytes?

  Secrete melatonin
• What is the location of the pineal gland?

  Posterior to the midbrain
• What is the primary function of the pineal gland?

  Regulate circadian rhythm
• What are the components of the thyroid gland?

  1. Stroma: CT capsule, CT septa
  2. Parenchyma: Follicles formed by cuboidal/squamous epithelium
• Where is the thyroid gland located?

  Anteriorly in the neck
• What shape is the thyroid gland?

  Butterfly-shaped
• What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?

  The isthmus
• What type of cells are follicular cells?

  Simple cuboidal/squamous epithelium
• What are the parathyroid glands' shapes?

  Flattened, oval glands
• Where are the parathyroid glands located?

  External to the thyroid capsule
• What are the components of the parathyroid gland?

  1. Stroma: CT capsule, CT septa
  2. Parenchyma: Lobules with chief and oxyphil cells
• What is the primary function of chief cells in the parathyroid gland?

  Secrete parathyroid hormone
• What is the pancreas classified as?

  Both an endocrine and exocrine gland
• Where is the pancreas located?

  Retroperitoneally in the abdomen
• What are the four parts of the pancreas?

  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Body
  4. Tail
• What do acinar cells in the pancreas produce?

  Pancreatic juice (digestive enzyme)
• What are the types of hormone-secreting cells in the pancreatic islets?

  1. Alpha (A) cells: secrete glucagon
  2. Beta (B) cells: secrete insulin
  3. Delta (D) cells: secrete somatostatin
  4. F cells: secrete pancreatic polypeptide
• What are the adrenal glands also known as?

  Suprarenal glands