Biology test revision

• What do muscles need more of during exercise?

  Energy
• Why does the heart pump faster during exercise?

  To supply more oxygen to the muscles
• What happens if muscles do not receive enough oxygen during exercise?

  Anaerobic respiration begins to occur
• What is produced during anaerobic respiration?

  Lactic acid
• What is oxygen debt?

  It results from lactic acid buildup
• What can happen to muscles after long periods of exercise?

  They can become fatigued
• What is metabolism?

  The combination of all reactions in a cell
• What is glucose converted to during metabolic processes?

  Starch, glycogen, and cellulose
• What is formed when glycerol and fatty acids combine?

  A lipid molecule
• What do glucose and nitrate ions form?

  Amino acids
• What happens to excess proteins in the body?

  They are broken down and released as urea
• What is respiration included in?

  Metabolism
• What does photosynthesis convert carbon dioxide and water into?

  Glucose
• How does light intensity affect photosynthesis?

  More light increases the rate of photosynthesis
• What is chlorophyll's role in photosynthesis?

  It absorbs light energy
• Where does photosynthesis take place in plants?

  In chloroplasts
• How do plants acquire carbon dioxide?

  Through diffusion via stomata
• How is water absorbed by plants?

  From the soil through the roots
• What is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?

  Something that slows the rate of photosynthesis
• What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when temperature increases?

  It increases until around 45°C
• What occurs to enzymes at high temperatures during photosynthesis?

  They become denatured
• How does increasing light intensity affect photosynthesis?

  It increases the rate of reaction
• What is the independent variable in the photosynthesis experiment?

  Light intensity
• What is the dependent variable in the photosynthesis experiment?

  Amount of bubbles produced
• What is a common method to measure oxygen production in the experiment?

  Counting the number of bubbles
• What is respiration?

  A chemical reaction to release energy
• Where does respiration occur in cells?

  Inside the mitochondria
• What type of reaction is respiration?

  Exothermic
• What are the two types of respiration?

  Aerobic and anaerobic
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 +$$6H_2O +$$ATP$
• What is produced in anaerobic respiration?

  Lactic acid
• What is fermentation in plants and yeast?

  Anaerobic respiration producing ethanol
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6 \rightarrow 2C_2H_5OH +$$2CO_2 +$$ATP$
• What is the role of ATP in respiration?

  It provides energy for cellular processes
• How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration?

  Anaerobic has less energy and no oxygen
• What are the main processes involved in metabolism?

  • Glucose conversion to starch, glycogen, cellulose
  • Formation of lipids from glycerol and fatty acids
  • Formation of amino acids from glucose and nitrate ions
  • Protein synthesis from amino acids
  • Breakdown of excess proteins to urea
• What are the limiting factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis?

  • Temperature
  • Light intensity
  • Carbon dioxide concentration
• What are the steps in the photosynthesis experiment?

  1. Measure sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
  2. Prepare pondweed with a paper clip
  3. Clamp boiling tube for light exposure
  4. Position lamp at a set distance
  5. Count bubbles produced over time
  6. Repeat with varying lamp distances