Lecture 2

Cards (49)

  • What are white blood cells also known as?
    Leucocytes
  • What is the primary function of white blood cells?
    Defence against foreign material and infections
  • Where are white blood cells present?
    In tissues and the bloodstream
  • What type of cells do lymphocytes originate from?
    Lymphoid cells
  • What is chemotaxis in relation to white blood cells?
    Release of blood into tissues
  • What does the mnemonic "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas" represent?
    • Neutrophils
    • Lymphocytes
    • Monocytes
    • Eosinophils
    • Basophils
  • How large are neutrophils compared to red blood cells?
    Larger than red blood cells
  • What is the size range of neutrophils?
    10-14 micrometres
  • How many lobes do neutrophils typically have?
    3-5 lobes
  • What happens to neutrophils during an infection?
    They are released from bone marrow
  • What does an elevated neutrophil level indicate clinically?
    Indicates infection
  • What is the role of B lymphocytes?
    Release antibodies to label antigens
  • Where do T lymphocytes migrate for maturation?
    To the thymus
  • What do cytotoxic T-cells do?
    Lyse infected or altered cells
  • What is the function of natural killer cells?
    Detect and destroy virus-infected cells
  • What characterises monocytes?
    Granular cytoplasm
  • What do monocytes become after migrating into tissues?
    Macrophages
  • What are Kupffer cells?
    Macrophages in the liver
  • Where do monocytes gather in the body?
    Spleen and lymph nodes
  • What is the role of microglia?
    Play a role in immune response in CNS
  • What do eosinophils specialise in?
    Parasitic infections
  • What do eosinophils release to activate immune cells?
    Toxic granules
  • What attracts eosinophils to allergen exposure sites?
    Chemokines
  • What do basophils contain?
    Basophilic granules
  • What is the primary function of basophils?
    Defend against larger parasites
  • What substances do basophils' granules contain?
    Histamine and Heparin
  • What does an increased number of white blood cells indicate?
    Common infections from various pathogens
  • What does an increased number of immature white blood cells indicate?
    Leukaemia
  • What can low white blood cell numbers indicate?
    Cytotoxic chemotherapy or aplastic anaemia
  • What is haemostasis?
    Balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant actions
  • What are platelets derived from?
    Megakaryocytes
  • What is the coagulation cascade?
    Activation of clotting factors in sequence
  • What are the three main components needed to prevent blood loss?
    Blood vessels, platelets, plasma proteins
  • What are the steps in platelet activities?
    1. Activation
    2. Adhesion
    3. Aggregation (agglutination)
  • What happens when a blood vessel wall is intact?
    Blocks platelet aggregation
  • What signals platelets to activate at an injury site?
    Injured blood vessel wall
  • What is the common pathway in coagulation?
    Final stage where pathways converge
  • What are the two pathways in the coagulation cascade?
    Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
  • What can inappropriate blood clotting lead to?
    Strokes or heart attacks
  • What is the function of aspirin in relation to blood?
    Interferes with platelet agglutination