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HPP 𓆩⟡𓆪
Blood
Lecture 2
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Cards (49)
What are white blood cells also known as?
Leucocytes
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What is the primary function of white blood cells?
Defence
against
foreign material
and
infections
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Where are white blood cells present?
In
tissues
and the
bloodstream
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What type of cells do lymphocytes originate from?
Lymphoid cells
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What is chemotaxis in relation to white blood cells?
Release of blood
into
tissues
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What does the mnemonic "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas" represent?
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
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How large are neutrophils compared to red blood cells?
Larger
than red blood cells
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What is the size range of neutrophils?
10-14
micrometres
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How many lobes do neutrophils typically have?
3-5
lobes
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What happens to neutrophils during an infection?
They are
released
from
bone marrow
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What does an elevated neutrophil level indicate clinically?
Indicates
infection
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What is the role of B lymphocytes?
Release
antibodies
to label
antigens
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Where do T lymphocytes migrate for maturation?
To the
thymus
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What do cytotoxic T-cells do?
Lyse
infected
or
altered
cells
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What is the function of natural killer cells?
Detect
and
destroy
virus-infected
cells
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What characterises monocytes?
Granular cytoplasm
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What do monocytes become after migrating into tissues?
Macrophages
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What are Kupffer cells?
Macrophages
in the
liver
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Where do monocytes gather in the body?
Spleen
and
lymph nodes
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What is the role of microglia?
Play a role in
immune
response in
CNS
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What do eosinophils specialise in?
Parasitic infections
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What do eosinophils release to activate immune cells?
Toxic granules
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What attracts eosinophils to allergen exposure sites?
Chemokines
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What do basophils contain?
Basophilic granules
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What is the primary function of basophils?
Defend
against
larger parasites
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What substances do basophils' granules contain?
Histamine
and
Heparin
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What does an increased number of white blood cells indicate?
Common
infections
from various
pathogens
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What does an increased number of immature white blood cells indicate?
Leukaemia
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What can low white blood cell numbers indicate?
Cytotoxic chemotherapy
or
aplastic anaemia
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What is haemostasis?
Balance
between
procoagulant
and
anticoagulant
actions
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What are platelets derived from?
Megakaryocytes
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What is the coagulation cascade?
Activation
of
clotting factors
in sequence
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What are the three main components needed to prevent blood loss?
Blood
vessels,
platelets
,
plasma proteins
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What are the steps in platelet activities?
Activation
Adhesion
Aggregation
(agglutination)
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What happens when a blood vessel wall is intact?
Blocks platelet aggregation
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What signals platelets to activate at an injury site?
Injured
blood vessel wall
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What is the common pathway in coagulation?
Final
stage where
pathways converge
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What are the two pathways in the coagulation cascade?
Intrinsic
and
extrinsic
pathways
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What can inappropriate blood clotting lead to?
Strokes
or
heart attacks
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What is the function of aspirin in relation to blood?
Interferes with
platelet
agglutination
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