Demography

• What is the birth rate defined as?

  Total births per 1,000 individuals
• What factors determine the birth rate?

  Proportion of women of childbearing age and fertility
• What is the fertility rate?

  Average number of children in fertile years
• What are the fertile years for women?

  15 to 44 years
• What is the global average number of children per woman?

  2.3 children
• What is a 'baby boom'?

  Rapid increase in the birth rate
• When did the first baby boom in the UK occur?

  During and after WW2
• What year did the first baby boom peak in the UK?

  1946
• When did the second baby boom in the UK peak?

  1964
• What caused a rapid fall in the birth rate after 1967?

  Implementation of the abortion act
• Why is the birth rate decreasing now?

  More women are remaining childless
• What percentage of 30-year-old women are childless now?

  50%
• What was the percentage of childless 30-year-old women in 1971?

  18%
• What is the average age for first-time mothers now?

  31 years
• What are some reasons women are postponing having children?

  Establishing a career and economic liabilities
• What are the impacts of decreasing birth rates on society?

  • Smaller families allow women to work
  • More dual earner couples
  • Increased family diversity
  • Fewer schools and child services needed
  • Lower dependency ratio
• What does the infant mortality rate (IMR) refer to?

  Deaths per 1,000 babies in their first year
• What is the current infant mortality rate in 2023?

  3.337 deaths per 1,000 live births
• How much has the IMR changed from 2022 to 2023?

  Decreased by 2.48%
• How has the IMR changed over the last 100 years?

  It has declined significantly
• Why was life expectancy low in the 1900s?

  Many children died in early years
• What percentage of children died in their first year in the 1900s?

  15%
• How does the chance of a baby born today compare to one born in 1900?

  Higher chance of reaching 65th birthday, then they had to reach their 1st birthday
• What are some reasons for the change in IMR?

  Improved health and medical advances
• What significant health service was introduced in 1948?

  The NHS
• What is the purpose of screening programs like the heel prick test?

  To identify risks to medical conditions
• What was routine scanning in pregnancy not common until?

  The late 70s and 80s
• What is the purpose of immunization programs like MMR?

  To prevent harmful diseases
• What is a child-centric society?

  A society focused on children's needs
• What factors affect IMR globally?

  • Socioeconomic background
  • deprivation
  • Low birth weight
  • Lifestyle factors (e.g., drug use)
• What correlation exists between deprivation and IMR?

  Higher deprivation correlates with higher IMR
• What is the primary factor causing higher IMR?

  Exposure to smoking
• What is the death rate defined as?

  Deaths per thousand of population per year
• How have death rates changed since 1900?

  Consistent with fluctuations
• What percentage of deaths in the last year were attributed to COVID?

  5%
• How has life expectancy changed from 1900 to 2020?

  Increased significantly
• What was the life expectancy for men in 1900?

  50 years
• What was the life expectancy for women in 1900?

  57 years
• What was the life expectancy for men in 2020?

  79 years
• What was the life expectancy for women in 2020?

  83 years