General chemistry

• What is the title of the study material?

  AQA GCSE Atomic structure and periodic table part 2
• What are the two main categories of elements in the periodic table?

  Metals and non-metals
• What is the arrangement of elements in the periodic table based on?

  Order of atomic number
• What do elements in the same group of the periodic table have in common?

  Same number of outer shell electrons
• What do elements in the same period of the periodic table have in common?

  Same number of electron shells
• Where are metals located in the periodic table?

  To the left of the line
• What are the three main groups of elements in the periodic table?

  Noble gases, alkali metals, halogens
• What was the arrangement of elements before the discovery of protons, neutrons, and electrons?

  Elements arranged by atomic weight
• What issue arose from arranging elements strictly by atomic weight?

  Some elements were placed in inappropriate groups
• Who left gaps for undiscovered elements in the periodic table?

  Mendeleev
• What did Mendeleev predict about undiscovered elements?

  Properties of elements would be discovered later
• Why was the order based on atomic weights not always correct?

  Knowledge of isotopes explained discrepancies
• What do metals form when they react?

  Positive ions
• What are the typical properties of metals?

  Conductors, high melting and boiling points
• What do non-metals form when they react?

  Negative ions
• What are the typical properties of non-metals?

  Insulators, low melting and boiling points
• Why are noble gases unreactive?

  They have full outer shells of electrons
• How do boiling points change in group 0 elements?

  Boiling points increase down the group
• What is the reactivity trend of alkali metals?

  Reactivity increases down the group
• What happens when alkali metals react with oxygen?

  They form metal oxides
• Write the equation for sodium reacting with oxygen.

  4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
• What happens when alkali metals react with water?

  They form metal hydroxides and hydrogen
• Write the equation for sodium reacting with water.

  2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
• What happens when alkali metals react with chlorine?

  They form metal chlorides
• Write the equation for sodium reacting with chlorine.

  2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
• What do halogens consist of?

  Molecules made of a pair of atoms
• How many electrons do halogens have in their outer shell?

  Seven electrons
• What is the trend of melting and boiling points in halogens?

  They increase down the group
• How does reactivity change in halogens?

  Reactivity decreases down the group
• What do halogens form when they react with metals?

  Metal halides
• Write the equation for sodium reacting with chlorine.

  Sodium + chlorine → sodium chloride
• What do halogens form when they react with hydrogen?

  Hydrogen halides
• Write the equation for hydrogen reacting with bromine.

  Hydrogen + bromine → hydrogen bromide
• What happens when a more reactive halogen meets a less reactive halogen in a halide salt?

  The more reactive halogen displaces the less reactive one
• Write the equation for chlorine reacting with potassium bromide.

  Cl2 + 2KBr → 2KCl + Br2
• How do halogens compare to group 1 elements?

  Halogens are less reactive and harder
• What are the typical properties of transition metals?

  Different ion possibilities and colored compounds
• What is the result of Rutherford's scattering experiment?

  Most alpha particles passed through gold foil
• What did Rutherford's experiment reveal about the atom?

  Mass is concentrated at the center
• What is the smallest part of an element that can exist?

  Atom