CELL BIOLOGY

• What is the basic unit of all forms of life?

  Cells
• How do structural differences between types of cells affect their functions?

  They enable specific functions within the organism
• What controls the differences in cells?

  Genes in the nucleus
• What process do cells undergo to divide and grow?

  Mitosis
• What happens if cells are isolated at an early stage of growth?

  They can grow into different types of cells
• What technology has developed from the ability of early-stage cells to differentiate?

  Stem cell technology
• How does stem cell technology help in medicine?

  It allows repair of damaged organs
• What do plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) have in common?

  Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
• How do bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) differ from eukaryotic cells?

  They lack a nucleus and are smaller
• What is the genetic material structure in bacterial cells?

  A single DNA loop and plasmids
• What are the main parts of most animal cells?

  Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes
• What additional parts do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

  Chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole
• What strengthens plant and algal cells?

  Cell wall made of cellulose
• Why is it important to estimate the size of sub-cellular structures?

  To judge their relative size or area
• What are the required practical activities related to cell observation?

  • Use a light microscope to observe cells
  • Draw and label plant and animal cells
  • Include a magnification scale
• How do cells specialize for specific functions?

  By acquiring different sub-cellular structures
• What types of cells are specialized in animals?

  Sperm, nerve, and muscle cells
• What types of cells are specialized in plants?

  Root hair, xylem, and phloem cells
• What is cell differentiation?

  The process of cells forming different types
• When do most types of animal cells differentiate?

  At an early stage of development
• How do many types of plant cells differ in terms of differentiation?

  They retain the ability to differentiate throughout life
• What is the main purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

  Growth and development
• What do chromosomes in the nucleus contain?

  DNA molecules
• How are chromosomes arranged in body cells?

  Normally found in pairs
• What is the cell cycle?

  A series of stages for cell division
• What happens to genetic material during the cell cycle?

  It is doubled and then divided
• What must a cell do before it can divide?

  Grow and increase sub-cellular structures
• What occurs during mitosis?

  Chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell
• What is the final step of mitosis?

  Division of cytoplasm and cell membranes
• What is a stem cell?

  An undifferentiated cell capable of differentiation
• What can stem cells from human embryos do?

  Differentiate into most types of human cells
• What types of cells can stem cells from adult bone marrow form?

  Many types including blood cells
• What is the role of meristem tissue in plants?

  Differentiate into any type of plant cell
• How can stem cells potentially help medical conditions?

  By repairing damaged tissues
• What is therapeutic cloning?

  Producing an embryo with the same genes as the patient
• What are some potential risks of using stem cells?

  Transfer of viral infection
• Why do some people object to stem cell use?

  Due to ethical or religious beliefs
• How can stem cells from meristems benefit agriculture?

  Produce clones quickly and economically
• What is diffusion?

  The spreading out of particles in solution
• What is the net movement in diffusion?

  From higher to lower concentration