physio

• What are the three main functions of the nervous system?

  Receive info, make decisions, organize actions
• What does the sensory system include?

  Sense organs, sensory nerves, central sensory areas
• What is the role of the integrating system?

  To make decisions from sensory input
• What does the motor system control?

  Movement through motor neurons and muscles
• What are the three parts of a neuron?

  • Dendrites
  • Soma
  • Axon
• What is the direction of conduction in a neuron?

  From dendrites to soma to axon terminals
• What is the Golgi Stain used for?

  To visualize neurons and their structures
• What is the approximate length of dendritic spines?

  ~1 micrometer
• What is the function of dendrites?

  To increase surface area for receiving inputs
• What does myelin do for an axon?

  Improves conduction speed of nerve impulses
• What is the Node of Ranvier?

  A break in the myelin sheath
• What are terminals in a neuron?

  Output regions that release neurotransmitters
• How can neurons be classified?

  • Morphology (multipolar, unipolar, etc.)
  • Interneurons vs principal neurons
  • Neurotransmitter type (cholinergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic)
• What is the unique problem faced by neurons?

  Transporting materials between soma and terminals
• What are the two types of axonal transport?

  • Anterograde transport: soma to terminals
  • Retrograde transport: terminals to soma
• What is the rapid rate of anterograde transport?

  300-400 mm/day
• What is the slow rate of anterograde transport?

  5-10 mm/day
• What does retrograde transport remove?

  Worn out mitochondria and SER
• What is required for axonal transport?

  Hydrolysis of ATP and microtubules
• What are the types of glial cells?

  • Microglial cells
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
• What is the role of microglial cells?

  Clean up debris and launch immune responses
• What do astrocytes do?

  Support neurons and regulate ionic environment
• What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

  Form myelin sheath in the CNS
• What is the structure of invertebrate ganglia?

  • Clusters of neuron cell bodies
  • Serve as processing centers
• What does the encephalization quotient measure?

  Brain size relative to body weight
• What are the two main parts of the vertebrate nervous system?

  CNS and PNS
• What are the spinal cord segments?

  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
• What are the brain structures defined by embryology?

  • 4 weeks: Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon
  • 6 weeks: Prosencephalon, Diencephalon, Telencephalon
• What does the diencephalon include?

  Thalamus and hypothalamus
• What are the three layers of the meninges?

  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
• What is the primary source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

  Choroid plexuses in ventricles
• How much CSF is present in the human body?

  About 150 ml
• What is the function of CSF?

  Removes waste and supplies nutrients
• What does clear and colorless CSF indicate?

  Normal cerebrospinal fluid condition
• What are the major regions of the human brain?

  • Cerebral hemispheres
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
• What is the role of the midbrain?

  Processes visual and auditory information
• What does the pons do?

  Links with cerebellum and modifies medulla output
• What is the function of the medulla?

  Regulates respiration and cardiovascular function
• What does the cerebellum control?

  Balance, gait, fine movement, posture
• What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

  • Autonomic control
  • Appetite drives
  • Reproductive behavior
  • Homeostasis
  • Endocrine control