Psychopathology Depression

• Depression


  mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels
• Behavioural characteristics 


  disruption to sleep

  Activity levels

  Self harm

  Aggression
• Emotional characteristics


  Low mood

  Anger

  Low self esteem
• Cognitive characteristics 


  Poor concentration

  Absolutist thinking

  Attending to and dwelling on the negative
• Beck’s negative triad consists of 3 parts:

  Faulty information processing

  Negative self schemas

  The third triad
• Negative self schema


  negative package of ideas that we have of ourselves

  Depressed patients have developed this
• Faulty information processing


  Those who are depressed make fundamental errors in logic

  Selective attendance to negative aspects of a situation and ignoring the positive

  Blowing small problems out of proportion
• Weissman and Beck AIM

  To investigate the thought processes of depressed people to establish if they make use of negative schema
• Weissman and Beck METHOD

  Thought processes were measured using the DAS scale

  Participants asked to fill in a questionnaire
• Weissman and Beck RESULTS

  found that depressed participants made more negative assessments.

  when given therapy, there were some improvement in self rating
• Weissman and Beck CONCLUSION

  Depression involves negative self schemas
• Ellis’ ABC model has 3 parts:

  Activating event

  Beliefs

  Consequences
• Ellis suggests that 


  Bad mental health is a result of irrational thoughts
• Irrational thoughts


  Any thoughts which interfere with use being happy and free of pain
• Activating event


  We get depressed when we experience negative events and these trigger irrational beliefs
• Beliefs


  Musterbation

  I can’t stand it’s
• consequences


  Emotional and behavioural
• Musterbation


  An irrational belief that you must do or have something
• CBT


  a type of psychotherapy
• AIM of CBT


  helps patients identify unhelpful thought patterns and behaviour patterns

  Encourages more helpful ways of thinking by focusing on the present
• REBT


  Extends the ABC model to ABCDE
• ABCDE - D stands for

  Dispute
• ABCDE - E stands for

  Effect
• The aim of REBT is

  to identify and dispute irrational thoughts
• Logical dispute


  Where the therapist questions the logic of a persons thoughts
• Empirical dispute


  The therapist seeks evidence for a persons thoughts