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Hydrocarbons
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Cards (100)
What are hydrocarbons made of?
Carbon (C)
and
hydrogen (H)
only
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Where are hydrocarbons commonly found?
In
crude oil
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What is the general formula for alkanes?
C<sub>n</sub>
H<sub>2n+2</sub>
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What type of bonds do alkanes have?
Single bonds
only
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Give an example of an alkane.
Methane
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What are the properties of alkanes?
Fairly
unreactive
, burn cleanly in
oxygen
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What is the general formula for alkenes?
C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>
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What distinguishes alkenes from alkanes?
Alkenes contain at least one
double bond
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Give an example of an alkene.
Ethene
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How do alkenes react compared to alkanes?
More
reactive
than alkanes
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What happens in the bromine water test for alkenes?
Bromine
water
turns
orange
to
colorless
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What is crude oil?
A mixture of
hydrocarbons
from ancient
biomass
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Describe the fractional distillation process.
Crude oil
is heated, vaporizes, and separates
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What happens to vapors in the fractionating column?
They condense at different heights based on
boiling points
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Where do short-chain hydrocarbons condense in the column?
At the
top
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What is the use of refinery gases?
Cooking fuels (e.g.,
propane
)
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What is the use of petrol?
Fuel for
cars
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What is the use of kerosene?
Fuel for
aircraft
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What is the use of diesel?
Fuel for
lorries
and buses
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What is the use of fuel oil?
Ships
and power stations
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What is the use of bitumen?
Road
surfacing
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What is complete combustion of hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen →
Carbon Dioxide
+
Water
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What is incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen →
Carbon Monoxide
+ Water + Soot
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Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?
It is
toxic
and binds to
hemoglobin
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What is the purpose of cracking in organic chemistry?
To break long-chain
hydrocarbons
into shorter ones
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What are the two types of cracking?
Thermal cracking
and
catalytic cracking
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What is thermal cracking?
High
temperature
and
pressure
process
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What is catalytic cracking?
Uses a
catalyst
to lower temperature and pressure
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Give an example of a cracking reaction.
Decane
→
Octane
+
Ethene
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What are addition reactions in alkenes?
Reacts with
hydrogen
, water, or
halogens
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What is polymerization in alkenes?
Alkenes form long chains (
polymers
)
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Give an example of polymerization.
Ethene
→
Polyethene
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What does the bromine water test indicate?
Alkenes
turn bromine water from orange to colorless
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What are hydrocarbons made of?
Carbon (C)
and
hydrogen (H)
only
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What are the key definitions in organic chemistry?
Hydrocarbons: Molecules made of carbon and
hydrogen
.
Alkanes
: Saturated
hydrocarbons
with single bonds.
Alkenes
: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond.
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Where are hydrocarbons found?
In
crude oil
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What are the steps of fractional distillation?
Heat
crude oil
until vaporized.
Vapors enter fractionating column.
Hydrocarbons
condense at different heights.
Collect fractions based on boiling points.
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What are the properties of hydrocarbons based on chain length?
Shorter chains: Lower
boiling points
, more
flammable
, cleaner flame.
Longer chains: Higher boiling points, less flammable, smokier flame.
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What is the general formula for alkanes?
C
n
H
2
n
+
2
C_nH_{2n+2}
C
n
H
2
n
+
2
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Why is fractional distillation important?
Separates
crude oil
into useful
fractions
.
Each fraction has specific applications (fuels, plastics).
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