Hydrocarbons

    Cards (100)

    • What are hydrocarbons made of?
      Carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) only
    • Where are hydrocarbons commonly found?
      In crude oil
    • What is the general formula for alkanes?
      C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>
    • What type of bonds do alkanes have?
      Single bonds only
    • Give an example of an alkane.
      Methane
    • What are the properties of alkanes?
      Fairly unreactive, burn cleanly in oxygen
    • What is the general formula for alkenes?
      C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>
    • What distinguishes alkenes from alkanes?
      Alkenes contain at least one double bond
    • Give an example of an alkene.
      Ethene
    • How do alkenes react compared to alkanes?
      More reactive than alkanes
    • What happens in the bromine water test for alkenes?
      Bromine water turns orange to colorless
    • What is crude oil?
      A mixture of hydrocarbons from ancient biomass
    • Describe the fractional distillation process.
      Crude oil is heated, vaporizes, and separates
    • What happens to vapors in the fractionating column?
      They condense at different heights based on boiling points
    • Where do short-chain hydrocarbons condense in the column?
      At the top
    • What is the use of refinery gases?
      Cooking fuels (e.g., propane)
    • What is the use of petrol?
      Fuel for cars
    • What is the use of kerosene?
      Fuel for aircraft
    • What is the use of diesel?
      Fuel for lorries and buses
    • What is the use of fuel oil?
      Ships and power stations
    • What is the use of bitumen?
      Road surfacing
    • What is complete combustion of hydrocarbons?
      Hydrocarbon + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water
    • What is incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?
      Hydrocarbon + Oxygen → Carbon Monoxide + Water + Soot
    • Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?
      It is toxic and binds to hemoglobin
    • What is the purpose of cracking in organic chemistry?
      To break long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter ones
    • What are the two types of cracking?
      Thermal cracking and catalytic cracking
    • What is thermal cracking?
      High temperature and pressure process
    • What is catalytic cracking?
      Uses a catalyst to lower temperature and pressure
    • Give an example of a cracking reaction.
      DecaneOctane + Ethene
    • What are addition reactions in alkenes?
      Reacts with hydrogen, water, or halogens
    • What is polymerization in alkenes?
      Alkenes form long chains (polymers)
    • Give an example of polymerization.
      EthenePolyethene
    • What does the bromine water test indicate?
      Alkenes turn bromine water from orange to colorless
    • What are hydrocarbons made of?
      Carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) only
    • What are the key definitions in organic chemistry?
      • Hydrocarbons: Molecules made of carbon and hydrogen.
      • Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds.
      • Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond.
    • Where are hydrocarbons found?
      In crude oil
    • What are the steps of fractional distillation?
      1. Heat crude oil until vaporized.
      2. Vapors enter fractionating column.
      3. Hydrocarbons condense at different heights.
      4. Collect fractions based on boiling points.
    • What are the properties of hydrocarbons based on chain length?
      • Shorter chains: Lower boiling points, more flammable, cleaner flame.
      • Longer chains: Higher boiling points, less flammable, smokier flame.
    • What is the general formula for alkanes?
      CnH2n+2C_nH_{2n+2}
    • Why is fractional distillation important?
      • Separates crude oil into useful fractions.
      • Each fraction has specific applications (fuels, plastics).
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