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Introduction to Psychological Statistics
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Cards (31)
What is the definition of statistics?
Branch of
mathematics
dealing with data
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What does statistics help us do?
Gather information and understand patterns
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What are the two main types of statistics?
Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics
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What do descriptive statistics do?
Summarize and describe
actual
collected data
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What measures are used in descriptive statistics?
Mean
,
median
, and mode
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What is the purpose of inferential statistics?
Make predictions about a population from a sample
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What does inferential statistics rely on?
Probability
in testing
hypotheses
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What is the formula for finding the mean?
Mean
=
Sum of Observations
/
Total Observations
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How do you calculate the mean of 176, 178, 178, and 189?
Mean is
180.25
cm
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What is the formula for finding the median?
Median depends on whether n is
odd
or
even
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How do you find the median in an even set of numbers?
Average the two
middle
numbers
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What is the median of the numbers 176, 178, 178, and 189?
Median is
178
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What is the formula for finding the mode?
Mode
=
L
+ h
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How do you determine the mode of a dataset?
Identify the number that appears
most
often
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What is the mode of the numbers 176, 178, 178, and 189?
Mode
is
178
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What are the scales of measurement in statistics?
Specific methods or instruments for measuring
variables
Examples:
Likert scales
,
rating scales
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What are variables in statistics?
Characteristics that can
vary
or
change
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What are underlying constructs in statistics?
Abstract concepts inferred from
measured variables
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What are continuous variables?
Numerical data with
infinite
possible values
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How are continuous variables measured?
Using
scales
,
thermometers
, or stopwatches
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What are discrete variables?
Finite figures
or integers that can be counted
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How are discrete variables commonly represented?
In
bar graphs
,
histograms
, and
pie charts
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What are parametric tests?
Tests requiring
assumptions
about data
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What type of data do parametric tests use?
Continuous data
(
interval
or
ratio
)
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What are nonparametric tests?
Tests that are more flexible with
data types
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What is the role of the independent variable (IV)?
Manipulated to observe its
effect
on
DV
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What is the role of the dependent variable (DV)?
Measured outcome affected by
IV
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What is experimental research?
Manipulating
IV
to observe effects on
DV
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What is observational research?
Recording behaviors without
manipulating
variables
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What is a population in research?
The entire group of
individuals
studied
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What is a sample in research?
Subsets of the
population
selected for study
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